budownictwo: List of F5, EF5, and IF5 tornadoes

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

This is a list of tornadoes which have been officially or unofficially labeled as F5, EF5, IF5, T10-T11, the highest possible ratings on the various tornado intensity scales. These scales – the Fujita scale, the Enhanced Fujita scale, the International Fujita scale, and the TORRO tornado intensity scale – attempt to estimate the intensity of a tornado by classifying the damage caused to natural features and man-made structures in the tornado's path. The most recent EF5 tornado was the 2025 Enderlin tornado, ending the record 12-year EF5 drought that began after the 2013 Moore tornado.

Evidence: 58 • authority: 72

On the night of June 20, 2025, a large, violent, and deadly EF5 tornado moved through portions of Ransom and Cass Counties in southeastern North Dakota, United States, impacting rural areas east of Enderlin. The storm was part of an extensive tornado outbreak and derecho that took place across the northern Great Plains region of the U.S. and southern Canada from June 19–22. Internally referred to as Enderlin Tornado #1 by the National Weather Service (NWS), it was the first tornado to be rated EF5 on the Enhanced Fujita scale in the U.S. in 12 years, and the most recent tornado in North Dakota to be rated that high since the 1957 F5 tornado that struck Fargo exactly 68 years earlier. During…

Evidence: 53 • authority: 72

This page documents the tornadoes and tornado outbreaks of 2013. Strong and destructive tornadoes form most frequently in the United States, Bangladesh, Brazil, and Eastern India, but they can occur almost anywhere under the right conditions. Tornadoes also appear regularly in neighboring southern Canada during the Northern Hemisphere's summer season, and somewhat regularly in Europe, Asia, and Australia. There were 916 tornadoes confirmed in the United States in 2013. One of these tornadoes was the largest ever recorded, which reached a peak width of 2.6 mi (4.2 km) south of El Reno, Oklahoma (which was also impacted by a deadly EF5 tornado two years prior). In total, 120 fatalities were c…

Evidence: 41 • authority: 88

Concentric waves and short‐period oscillations observed in the ionosphere after the 2013 Moore EF5 tornado. We detected clear concentric waves and short‐period oscillations in the ionosphere after an Enhanced Fujita scale (EF)5 tornado hit Moore, Oklahoma, U.S., on 20 May 2013 using dense wide‐coverage ionospheric total electron content (TEC) observations in North America. These concentric waves were nondispersive, with a horizontal wavelength of ~120 km and a period of ~13 min. They were observed for more than 7 h throughout North America. TEC oscillations with a period of ~4 min were also observed to the south of Moore for more than 8 h. A comparison between the TEC observations and infra…

Evidence: 33 • authority: 88

Tornado-Resolving Ensemble and Probabilistic Predictions of the 20 May 2013 Newcastle–Moore EF5 Tornado. Abstract An ensemble of 10 forecasts is produced for the 20 May 2013 Newcastle–Moore EF5 tornado and its parent supercell using a horizontal grid spacing of 50 m, nested within ensemble forecasts with 500-m horizontal grid spacing initialized via ensemble Kalman filter data assimilation of surface and radar observations. Tornadic circulations are predicted in all members, though the intensity, track, and longevity of the predicted tornado vary substantially among members. Overall, tornadoes in the ensemble forecasts persisted longer and moved to the northeast faster than the observed tor…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The 1999 Bridge Creek–Moore tornado was a large, long-lived, and exceptionally violent F5 tornado that produced the highest tornado wind speed ever recorded by doppler weather radar—321 miles per hour (517 km/h), measured by a Doppler on Wheels (DoW). One of the strongest tornadoes ever recorded to affect a metropolitan area, the tornado devastated southern portions of Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, as well as surrounding municipalities to the south and southwest of the city during the early evening of Monday, May 3, 1999. The tornado covered 38 miles (61 km) during its 85-minute existence, destroying thousands of homes, killing 36 people (plus another five indirectly), and causing US$1 billion (…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

In the early evening of May 31, 2013, an extremely large and historic tornado impacted parts central Oklahoma, just west of Oklahoma City. This lethal, and rain-wrapped multiple-vortex tornado was the widest ever recorded, peaking at 2.6 miles across. The storm was part of a larger weather system that produced dozens of tornadoes over the preceding days. The tornado initially formed at 6:03 p.m. CDT (23:03 UTC) about 8.3 miles (13.4 km) west-southwest of El Reno, rapidly growing in size and becoming more violent as it tracked through central Canadian County. Remaining over mostly open terrain, the tornado did not impact many structures; however, measurements from mobile weather radars revea…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

A significant tornado outbreak and long-lived derecho affected large portions of the northern United States and southern Canada from June 19–22, 2025, producing widespread destructive winds, numerous tornadoes, large hail, and flash flooding. The multi-day severe weather event impacted the Great Plains, Upper Midwest, and parts of the Northeastern United States, while also producing multiple tornadoes in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. On June 20, a violent tornado struck rural areas east of Enderlin, North Dakota, resulting in multiple fatalities and catastrophic damage. The tornado was later rated EF5 on October 6th, 2025 following a post-event damage survey, marking the first EF5-…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The 2013 Moore tornado was a large and extremely violent EF5 tornado that ravaged Moore, Oklahoma, and adjacent areas on the afternoon of May 20, 2013, with peak winds estimated at 200–210 mph (320–340 km/h), killing 24 people (plus two indirect fatalities) and injuring 212 others. The tornado was part of a larger outbreak from a slow-moving weather system that had produced several other tornadoes across the Great Plains over the previous two days, including five that had struck portions of Central Oklahoma the day prior on May 19. The tornado touched down just northwest of Newcastle at 2:56 p.m. CDT (19:56 UTC), and quickly became violent, persisting for 39 minutes on a 13.85-mile (22.3 km…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

From 2013 to 2025, the United States experienced a record lack of tornadoes rated EF5 on the Enhanced Fujita Scale by the National Weather Service. This period, which has been dubbed the EF5 drought or EF5 gap by some media outlets, was the longest drought of tornadoes rated F5 or EF5 in recorded history. The drought began following the 2013 Moore tornado, occurring on May 20, 2013. Several tornadoes since then had subsequently been rated as high-end EF4 tornadoes, with many of these ratings attracting significant controversy, with notable examples being the 2014 Mayflower–Vilonia tornado, the 2015 Rochelle–Fairdale tornado, the 2021 Western Kentucky tornado, and the 2023 Rolling Fork–Silve…

Evidence: — • authority: 88

A New Tornado Map for the United Kingdom and Ireland 1054-2025. A new tornado map for the United Kingdom and Ireland has been created for the years 1054-2025. This builds on an initial map which was first produced and published by the Tornado and Storm Research Organisation (TORRO) in 2015. Therefore, after a decade of receiving much new and also revised information, especially from detailed site investigations and updated historical data, this map presents a valuable contribution to better understanding tornado climatology. The United Kingdom is the only country in the world with a record of tornadoes (and waterspouts) for some 971 years. Presenting these tornadic events spatially with ref…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Tornado intensity estimated from damage path dimensions.. The Newcastle/Moore and El Reno tornadoes of May 2013 are recent reminders of the destructive power of tornadoes. A direct estimate of a tornado's power is difficult and dangerous to get. An indirect estimate on a categorical scale is available from a post-storm survery of the damage. Wind speed bounds are attached to the scale, but the scale is not adequate for analyzing trends in tornado intensity separate from trends in tornado frequency. Here tornado intensity on a continuum is estimated from damage path length and width, which are measured on continuous scales and correlated to the EF rating. The wind speeds on the EF scale are…