historia: Language

Evidence: 67 • authority: 72

A natural language or ordinary language is any spoken language or signed language used organically in a human community, first emerging without conscious premeditation and subject to: replication across generations of people in the community, regional expansion or contraction, and gradual internal and structural changes. The vast majority of languages in the world are natural languages. As a category, natural language includes both standard dialects (ones with high social prestige) as well as nonstandard or vernacular dialects. Even an official language with a regulating academy such as Standard French, overseen by the Académie Française, is still classified as a natural language (e.g. in t…

Evidence: 56 • authority: 72

A spoken language is a structured system of communication that is produced with speech, sometimes specifically also called an oral language or vocal language to differentiate it from written language and possibly from sign language. However, the term "spoken language" may also be used to incorporate sign languages, referring to any natural language or forms of language other than transcribed or written ones. Spoken (including signed) language is traditionally ephemeral, only communicated once, and not retrievable after being produced—notwithstanding modern voice-recording and audiovisual technology. This differs from written language, whose explicit purpose is to represent an enduring messa…

Evidence: 51 • authority: 72

Sign languages (also known as signed languages) are languages that use the visual-manual modality to convey meaning rather than spoken words. They are expressed through manual articulation in combination with non-manual markers, and are full-fledged natural languages with their own grammar and lexicon. Sign languages are not universal and are usually not mutually intelligible, although there are similarities among different sign languages. Wherever communities of deaf and hard of hearing people exist, sign languages have developed as a means of communication and form the core of local Deaf cultures. Although signing is used primarily by deaf and hard of hearing people, it is also used by he…

Evidence: 34 • authority: 80

Pronominal reference in signed and spoken language: Are grammatical categories modality-dependent?

Evidence: 34 • authority: 72

Japanese Sign Language (日本手話, nihon-shuwa), also known by the acronym JSL, is the dominant sign language in Japan and is a complete natural language, distinct from but influenced by the spoken Japanese language.

Evidence: 34 • authority: 80

Beads on a string? Representations of repetition in spoken and signed languages

Evidence: — • authority: 80

Equating Perceived Urgency Across Auditory, Visual, and Tactile Signals

Evidence: — • authority: 80

Auditory Memory Worse Than Visual, Tactile Memory

Evidence: — • authority: 88

Prompting-fading with Visual, Auditory, Kinesthetic, Tactile (VAKT) Media for Reading Skills of Dyslexia Children. Dyslexia children have problems with recognition, data accuracy, poor decoding, and poor spelling skills. Of course they need appropriate learning or implement the advantages they have. There are several intervention methods that can overcome the learning difficulties of children with dyslexia, one of which is using multisensory (VAKT). This VAKT method maximizes the implement of the senses in its intervention. The implementation of VAKT can be collaborated with prompting-fading in dyslexic children. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the prompting-fading techni…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The temporal lobe is one of the four major lobes of the cerebral cortex in the brain of mammals. The temporal lobe is located beneath the lateral fissure on both cerebral hemispheres of the mammalian brain. The temporal lobe is involved in processing sensory input into derived meanings for the appropriate retention of visual memory, language comprehension, and emotion association. Temporal refers to the head's temples.

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Perceptions of Deaf education in the Deaf community.. This article explores perceptions about education for the Deaf community within Deaf communities in Ireland, Finland, and the UK. Ireland, Finland, and the UK all provide legal recognition of sign languages in various forms. However, it is important to understand how these laws impact Deaf people, what their experiences with the law is, and how might the law be altered to improve the lives of people it purports to serve. Interview data from Deaf people across the three countries is presented here which explores these experiences. When asked about what they might improve in the law, an overwhelming number of responses related to the intro…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Functional reorganization of the visual cortex in blindness: a connectivity perspective.. Visual deprivation provides a critical model for understanding how sensory experience and developmental constraints shape cortical organization. In blindness, the occipital cortex is recruited for tactile and auditory perception as well as language, memory, mathematical processing, and executive control. The core question is how visual cortex becomes functionally embedded in non-visual and cognitive systems, and how this embedding gives rise to particular forms of occipital recruitment. Connectivity is central to this question because cortical functions are shaped, in part, by the information a region…