zwierzęta: Rationality

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

Rationality is the quality of being guided by or based on reason. In this regard, a person acts rationally if they have a good reason for what they do, or a belief is rational if it is based on strong evidence. This quality can apply to an ability, as in a rational animal, to a psychological process, like reasoning, to mental states, such as beliefs and intentions, or to persons who possess these other forms of rationality. A thing that lacks rationality is either arational, if it is outside the domain of rational evaluation, or irrational, if it belongs to this domain but does not fulfill its standards. There are many discussions about the essential features shared by all forms, or account…

Evidence: 70 • authority: 72

Reason is the capacity to consciously apply logic by drawing valid conclusions from new or existing information, with the aim of seeking truth. It is associated with activities considered characteristic of humans, including philosophy, religion, science, language, and mathematics, and is generally considered a distinguishing ability possessed by humans. The term "reason" is sometimes used to refer to rationality, although the latter is more about its application. Reasoning involves using more-or-less rational processes of thinking and cognition to extrapolate from one's existing knowledge to generate new knowledge, and involves the use of one's intellect. The field of logic is the study of…

Evidence: 56 • authority: 72

Cognition encompasses mental processes that deal with knowledge. It includes psychological activities that acquire, store, retrieve, transform, or apply information. Cognitive processes are a fundamental part of mental life, helping individuals understand and interact with the world. Cognitive processes are typically categorized by their function. Perception organizes and interprets sensory information, such as light and sound, to construct a coherent experience of objects and events. Attention prioritizes specific aspects while filtering out irrelevant information. Memory is the ability to retain, store, and retrieve information, including working memory and long-term memory. Thinking enco…

Evidence: 45 • authority: 72

A mental state, or a mental property, is a state of mind of a person. Mental states comprise a diverse class, including perception, pain/pleasure experience, belief, desire, intention, emotion, and memory. There is controversy concerning the exact definition of the term. According to epistemic approaches, the essential mark of mental states is that their subject has privileged epistemic access while others can only infer their existence from outward signs. Consciousness-based approaches hold that all mental states are either conscious themselves or stand in the right relation to conscious states. Intentionality-based approaches, on the other hand, see the power of minds to refer to objects…

Evidence: 45 • authority: 72

Abilities are powers an agent has to perform various actions. They include common abilities, like walking, and rare abilities, like performing a double backflip. Abilities are intelligent powers: they are guided by the person's intention and executing them successfully results in an action, which is not true for all types of powers. They are closely related to but not identical with various other concepts, such as disposition, know-how, aptitude, talent, potential, and skill. Theories of ability aim to articulate the nature of abilities. Traditionally, the conditional analysis has been the most popular approach. According to it, having an ability means one would perform the action in questi…

Evidence: 40 • authority: 92

Multiomics insights into bisphenol A induced metabolic remodeling in goat milk and selective removal by UiO66-NH<sub>2</sub>@MIP.. Bisphenol A poses persistent contamination hazards in dairy matrices, yet the molecular mechanisms underlying bisphenol A-induced metabolic disruption and homeostatic remodeling in animal-derived foods remain insufficiently elucidated. This study integrated untargeted metabolomics and lipidomics with the rational design of UiO66-NH 2 @MIP to mechanistically investigate bisphenol A-driven perturbations and enable selective adsorptive decontamination in goat milk. Multivariate statistical analysis revealed dose-dependent alterations in metabolomic and…

Evidence: 40 • authority: 72

The rationalist community is a 21st-century movement that formed around a group of internet blogs, primarily LessWrong and Astral Codex Ten (formerly known as Slate Star Codex). The movement initially gained prominence in the San Francisco Bay Area. Its members seek to use insights from various academic fields (such as epistemology, probability theory, and psychology) and awareness of cognitive biases to achieve both epistemic rationality (coming to true beliefs about the world) and instrumental rationality (acting in a way to achieve one's objectives). Heavily overlapping communities include effective altruism, transhumanism, and AI safety (specifically mitigation of AI extinction risk). T…

Evidence: 34 • authority: 88

Ability Testing and Graduate Admissions: Decision Process Modeling and Validation. The admissions process for a graduate Master of Business Administration (MBA) program was modeled for 406 applicants to a newly designed MBA program. The decision process model was then applied to a sample of students admitted to and enrolled in an old MBA program, where less stringent admissions procedures had been used. Results supported the adequacy of both Graduate Management Admission Test scores and undergraduate grades in the prediction of admissions officer decisions as well as the validity of such information in the prediction of graduate performance and turnover. The results are discussed in light o…

Evidence: 34 • authority: 88

Rational Standard and Ability Adjusted Standard Transformed Score Models. A rational approach to standard transformed scores which always results in the numerical to letter grade correspondence A(90 & above), B(80-89.99), C(70-79.99), D(60-69.99), and F(59.99 & below) for any chosen hypothetical grade distribution model is developed. The basic model is extended to an ability adjusted standard transformed scores model with the same numerical to letter grade correspondence. Numerical examples are used to illustrate both models and to give insight into a number of other possible grade distribution alternatives.

Evidence: 34 • authority: 92

The developing adolescent brain: Implications for youth justice and children in criminal proceedings.. Adolescence is a unique developmental stage, defined by neural reorganisation and a heightened sensitivity to the social environment. Brain maturation is a prolonged process extending well into the twenties, involving microstructural refinements such as axonal myelination and synaptic pruning, which are partly dependent on environmental input. This period of heightened neuroplasticity coincides with a shift toward peer affiliation and increased susceptibility to risk-taking, particularly in social settings. Consequently, adolescent decision-making should be viewed through a social lens, in…

Evidence: 34 • authority: 92

From Cognitive Restructuring to Spiritual Purification: A Theoretical Synthesis of the Transactional Model and Islamic Psychology.. Background In mental health nursing practice, the Transactional Model of Stress and Coping developed by Lazarus and Folkman is widely used as the primary framework for stress management. However, developments in the literature indicate that in conditions of severe stress and existential crisis, particularly when stressors are immutable, purely secular cognitive restructuring approaches may be complemented by incorporating spiritual dimensions. Conceptual studies on meaning-making emphasise that efforts to search for meaning that do not lead to resolution can in…

Evidence: 34 • authority: 92

Trust and doubt coexist: an empirical study on the acceptance mechanism of transgenic technology among Chinese youth.. As a scientific issue characterized by both controversy and sensitivity to public risk, genetically modified (GM) technology has become an important entry point for understanding contemporary science communication through its dissemination and acceptance among young people. This study takes 25 Chinese youth aged 19-27 as its research participants, collects data through semi-structured in-depth interviews, and analyzes the process of attitude formation by applying grounded theory through open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. The findings show that young people usu…