miejsca: Safavid Iran

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The Guarded Domains of Iran, commonly called Safavid Iran, Safavid Persia or the Safavid Empire, was one of the largest and longest-lasting Iranian empires. It was ruled by the Safavid dynasty from 1501 to 1736, though some historians date its fall to 1722, when Isfahan fell to the Afghans. It is often considered the beginning of modern Iranian history, as well as one of the gunpowder empires. Shah Ismail I established Twelver Shi'ism as the official religion of the empire, marking one of the most important turning points in the history of Islam. A dynasty rooted in the Safavid order, a dervish order of Sufism, founded by sheikhs of native Iranian (possibly Kurdish) origin, it was not only…

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Safavid Empire. Abstract The Safavid Empire (1501–1736) ruled over greater Iran and fought over the control of eastern Anatolia, Iraq, and the Caucasus (present republics of Azerbaijan, Armenia, and parts of Georgia) with the Ottoman Empire. The Safavids also tried to extend their rule into greater Khurasan and Central Asia. Religion and millenarian social movements in Anatolia played an important role in the rise of the Safavids to power after the disintegration of Aqquyunlu Iran in the late 15th century. The Safavids established Twelver Shi‘ism as the official religion of Iran and forcefully converted its predominantly Sunni population to Shi‘ism. This was a significant historical event t…

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Muslim-Christian Polemics in Safavid Iran. This book is a study on the history of polemical exchanges between Catholic missionaries and Muslim ʿulama in Safavid Iran. The book is centred around the figure of ʿAli Quli Jadid al-Islam, a Portuguese missionary who embraced Islam and worked as a court translator for Shah Sultan Husayn. The book explores the context in which he worked, focusing on broader conditions of Muslim-Christian relations in Iran, and examining his interreligious polemical writings. The latter, conceived in response to cycles of polemics linking Iran to Rome and Mughal India, adapted the historical conventions of polemical writing to serve the specificities of a Shiʿi Ira…

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The Profile of a Convert in Safavid Iran. This chapter introduces the case of a Portuguese Augustinian missionary who converted to Islam in late seventeenth century Iran and worked as a court translator for the Shah, adopting the name of ʿAli Quli Jadid al-Islam. It situates his story within the broader context of conversion to Islam and of the history of Muslim-Christian relations in the early modern period. It also provides an overview of the status of Christians in Safavid Iran, concentrating both on indigenous Christian groups like Georgians and Armenians, as well as on European missionaries.

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The monarchs of Iran ruled for over two and a half millennia, beginning as early as the 8th century BC and enduring until the 20th century AD. The earliest Iranian monarch is generally considered to have been either Deioces of the Median dynasty (c. 727–550 BC) or Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenid dynasty (550–330 BC). The last Iranian monarch was Mohammad Reza Shah of the Pahlavi dynasty (1925–1979), who was overthrown in the Iranian Revolution. Since then, Iran has been governed by theocratic supreme leaders. In classical antiquity, Iran reached the peak of its power and prestige under the Achaemenid Empire, which stretched from Egypt and parts of Southeast Europe in the west to the Indus…

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The Ottoman Empire, also known historically as Turkey or the Turkish Empire, was a state that spanned much of Southeastern Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th century to the early 20th century, centred in modern-day Turkey. It also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe between the early 16th and early 18th centuries. The empire emerged from a beylik, or principality, founded in northwestern Anatolia in c. 1299 by the Turkoman tribal leader Osman I. His successors conquered much of Anatolia and expanded into the Balkans by the mid-14th century, transforming their petty kingdom into a transcontinental empire. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the conquest of…

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Several empires in human history have been contenders for the largest of all time, depending on definition and mode of measurement. Possible ways of measuring size include area, population, economy, and power. Of these, area is the most commonly used because it has a relatively precise definition and can be feasibly measured with some degree of accuracy; nevertheless, even area is limited in this regard because of the difficulty in defining the boundaries of empires due to things like the indirect nature of imperial control and sparsely inhabited or even uninhabited areas that may nominally have been controlled by an empire but not meaningfully ruled by it. Estonian political scientist Rein…

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Grigoriadis, Theocharis N. (2013). "Compromising Islam with Empire : Bureaucracy and Class in Safavid Iran". Iran & the Caucasus. 17 (4): 371–382. ISSN 1609-8498

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The province of Kurdistan (also known as Ardalan; Persian: ولایت کردستان, romanized: Velāyat-e Kordestān) was a western province of Safavid Iran, whose size varied throughout its existence due to political and military developments. The office of vali (viceroy) of Kurdistan was generally held by the Ardalan dynasty, the leading power amongst the Kurdish confederations.

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Safavid art is the art of the Iranian Safavid dynasty from 1501 to 1722, encompassing Iran and parts of the Caucasus and Central Asia. It was a high point for Persian miniatures, architecture and also included ceramics, metal, glass, and gardens. The arts of the Safavid period show a far more unitary development than in any other period of Iranian art. The Safavid Empire was one of the most significant ruling dynasties of Iran. They ruled one of the greatest Persian empires since the Muslim conquest of Persia, and with this, the empire produced numerous artistic accomplishments.

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Safavid[a] Iran was one of the largest and longest-lasting Iranian empires, ruled by the Safavid dynasty from 1501 to 1736, albeit others place the end on the year 1722, when Isfahan fell to the Afghans.