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czas-i-pomiary: Cosmological constant

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Since the 1990s, studies have shown that, assuming the cosmological principle, around 68% of the mass–energy density of the universe can be attributed to dark energy.
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In physical cosmology, the cosmological constant (usually denoted by the Greek capital letter lambda: Λ), alternatively called Einstein's cosmological constant, is a coefficient that Albert Einstein initially added to his field equations of general relativity. He later removed it; however, much later it was revived to express the energy density of space, or vacuum energy, that arises in quantum mechanics. It is closely associated with the concept of dark energy. Einstein introduced the constant in 1917 to counterbalance the effect of gravity and achieve a static universe, which was then assumed. Einstein's cosmological constant was abandoned after Edwin Hubble confirmed that the universe was expanding. From the 1930s until the late 1990s, most physicists thought the cosmological constant to be zero. That changed with the discovery in 1998 that the expansion of the universe is accelerating, implying that the cosmological constant may have a positive value after all. Since the 1990s, studies have shown that, assuming the cosmological principle, around 68% of the mass–energy density of the universe can be attributed to dark energy. The cosmological constant Λ is the simplest possible explanation for dark energy and is used in the standard model of cosmology known as the ΛCDM model. According to quantum field theory, which underlies modern particle physics, empty space is defined…
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Rodzina: geografia-panstwa
Jakość źródła: 65/100
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Notatka fact-checku: Fact-check 3.0-content-aware: no sufficient claim-bound corroboration after 3 healthy attempts. Scope=verify the factual claim. Required independent sources=2; stored evidence groups=0. Provider/API errors did not consume attempts. | Fact-check 4.3.2: research wznowiony bez zdejmowania HOLD. Poprzednia metoda: factcheck-300-content-aware. | Fact-check 4.3.2: research wznowiony bez zdejmowania HOLD. Poprzednia metoda: factcheck-weekly-research-432.

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In cosmology and physics, cold dark matter (CDM) is a hypothetical type of dark matter. According to the current standard model of cosmology, the Lambda-CDM model, approximately 27% of the universe is dark matter and 68% is dark energy, with only a small fraction being the ordinary baryonic matter that composes stars, planets, and living organisms. Cold refers to the dark matter moving slowly compared to the speed of light, giving it a vanishing equation of state. Dark indicates that it interacts very weakly with ordinary matter and electromagnetic radiation. Proposed candidates for CDM include weakly interacting massive particles, primordial black holes, and axions, as well as most flavors…

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100 years of mathematical cosmology: Models, theories and problems, Part B.. We continue our overview of mathematical cosmology with a survey of the third and fourth periods of the development of the subject. The first Part includes the first two periods and is published separately. The third period (1980-2000) continues here with brief descriptions of the main ideas of inflation, the multiverse, quantum, Kaluza-Klein, and string cosmologies, wormholes and baby universes, cosmological stability and modified gravity. The last period, which ends today, includes various more advanced topics such as M-theoretic cosmology, braneworlds, the landscape, topological issues, the measure problem, gene…

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