koty: Child development

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

Child development involves the biological, psychological and emotional changes that occur in human beings between birth and the conclusion of adolescence. It is—particularly from birth to five years— a foundation for a prosperous and sustainable society. Childhood is divided into three stages of life which include early childhood, middle childhood, and late childhood (preadolescence). Early childhood typically ranges from infancy to the age of 6 years old. During this period, development is significant, as many of life's milestones happen during this time period such as first words, learning to crawl, and learning to walk. Middle childhood/preadolescence or ages 6–10 universally mark a dist…

Evidence: 59 • authority: 72

Childhood amnesia, also called infantile amnesia, is the inability of adults to retrieve episodic memories (memories of situations or events) before the age of three to four years. It may also refer to the scarcity or fragmentation of memories recollected from early childhood, particularly those from between the ages of 3 and 6. On average, this fragmented period wanes at around 4.7 years. Around 5–6 years of age in particular is thought to be when autobiographical memory seems to stabilize and be on par with adults. The development of a cognitive self is also thought by some to have an effect on encoding and storing early memories. Some research has demonstrated that children can remember…

Evidence: 45 • authority: 72

Early childhood is a critical period in a child's life that includes ages from birth to five years old. Psychological stress is an inevitable part of life. Human beings can experience stress from an early age. Although stress is a factor for the average human being, it can be a positive or negative molding aspect in a young child's life. A certain amount of stress is normal and necessary for survival. A few stressors can be manageable for young children; stress can be beneficial by helping children develop skills needed to adapt to a new set of circumstances and deal with dangerous and intimidating situations. Some experts have theorized that there is a point where prolonged or excessive st…

Evidence: 45 • authority: 92

Genetic Etiologies of Dystonia with Anarthria/Aphonia.. Background Dystonia with anarthria and/or aphonia (DAnAp) represents a distinctive phenotype manifesting across lifespan. Frequently associated with genetic disorders, early recognition is critical for diagnosis and management. Objectives To provide practical recommendations for the clinical evaluation of patients with DAnAp, enhancing recognition and facilitating targeted diagnostic workup. Methods We retrospectively reviewed patients with dystonia and anarthria/aphonia due to established genetic causes across the lifespan at The Hospital for Sick Children and Toronto Western Hospital. Demographic, clinical, genetic, and neuroradiolog…

Evidence: 45 • authority: 92

Harmonized multi-cohort analysis of oral microbiome development during early lifetime.. Background Early-life assembly of the oral microbiome may influence oral and systemic health, yet developmental patterns are difficult to compare across studies because of differences in sampling and analytical workflows. We conducted a harmonized cross-cohort re-analysis of longitudinal pediatric 16S rRNA datasets spanning birth to early childhood. Methods Five publicly available longitudinal cohorts from birth to seven years were curated and independently reprocessed using QIIME 2 and R. Taxonomy was assigned using the Human Oral Microbiome Database (HOMD). Alpha and beta diversity, taxonomic compositi…

Evidence: 41 • authority: 72

Early childhood development is the period of rapid physical, psychological and social growth and change that begins before birth and extends into early childhood. While early childhood is not well defined, one source asserts that the early years begin in utero and last until 3 years of age.

Evidence: 41 • authority: 80

Chapter 4. Infancy and Early Childhood (Birth-5 Years)

Evidence: 41 • authority: 92

Pathways Between Family Socioeconomic Status and Early Childhood Development: Evidence From Andean Peru.. Healthy and stimulating early life environments are key for children to develop to their full potential. Household socioeconomic status (SES) is a strong predictor of early child development (ECD). This study used a rich new dataset from Andean Peru to examine the pathways through which household SES shapes ECD. Drawing on frameworks from multiple disciplines, we consider early life health, family well-being, and family investment as mediating pathways. Factors were assessed at two time points in a sample of 2702 parent-child dyads (49.7% children female). Measurements were conducted at…

Evidence: 41 • authority: 92

A rare case of familial chylomicronemia in infancy due to homozygous <i>LMF1</i> variant.. Familial chylomicronemia syndrome (FCS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of triglyceride (TG) metabolism, with an estimated prevalence of 1 in 100 000 to 1 in 1 000 000. It typically presents in childhood or adolescence, while presentation in infancy is exceedingly rare. Loss-of-function variants in lipoprotein lipase gene account for 60-80% of FCS cases. Other causes of FCS include loss-of-function variants in glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored high-density lipoprotein-binding protein 1, apolipoprotein A-V, apolipoprotein C-II, and lipase maturation factor 1 ( LMF1 ) genes. LMF1…

Evidence: 31 • authority: 80

Chapter 2 Infancy and the Early Years

Evidence: 31 • authority: 92

Iron Supplementation and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Infancy and Early Childhood: A Review.. Background: Iron deficiency (ID) is the most prevalent nutritional deficiency worldwide and remains a major public health concern, particularly during pregnancy, infancy, and early childhood. Because iron is essential for brain development, both insufficient and excessive iron exposure during critical developmental periods may have lasting effects on neurodevelopment. Objective: This study aims to review the available evidence on the effects of iron status and iron supplementation (IS) during early life on neurodevelopmental outcomes. Methods: A review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA…

Evidence: — • authority: 80

Table C2.1. Enrolment rates in early childhood educational development programmes and primary education, by age (2005, 2013)