codzienność: Charge-coupled device

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

A charge-coupled device (CCD) is an integrated circuit containing an array of linked, or coupled, capacitors. Under the control of an external circuit, each capacitor can transfer its electric charge to a neighboring capacitor. CCD sensors are a major technology used in digital imaging. In a CCD image sensor, pixels are represented by p-doped metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) capacitors. These MOS capacitors, the basic building blocks of a CCD, are biased above the threshold for inversion when image acquisition begins, allowing the conversion of incoming photons into electron charges at the semiconductor-oxide interface; the CCD is then used to read out these charges. Although CCDs are not th…

Evidence: 57 • authority: 72

A light-emitting diode (LED) is an electronic component that uses a semiconductor to emit light when current flows through it. Electrons in the semiconductor recombine with electron holes, thereby releasing energy in the form of photons. The color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photons) is determined by the energy required for electrons to cross the band gap of the semiconductor. White light is obtained by using multiple semiconductors or a layer of light-emitting phosphor on the semiconductor device. Appearing as practical electronic components in 1962, the earliest LEDs emitted low-intensity infrared (IR) light. Infrared LEDs are used in remote-control circuits, such as…

Evidence: 46 • authority: 72

Photonics is a branch of optics that involves the application of generation, detection, and manipulation of light in the form of photons through emission, transmission, modulation, signal processing, switching, amplification, and sensing. Even though photonics is a commonly used term, there is no widespread agreement on a clear definition of the term or on the difference between photonics and related fields, such as optics. Photonics is closely related to quantum optics, which studies the theory behind photonics' engineering applications. Though covering all light's technical applications over the whole spectrum, most photonic applications are in the range of visible and near-infrared light…

Evidence: 46 • authority: 92

CCD Pixel Miniaturization Technologies for Spatial Resolution Enhancement.. Charge-coupled device (CCD) image sensors stand out for their high sensitivity, low noise, and strong radiation tolerance, which have established them as core components in high-end imaging fields such as astronomical observation, remote sensing, and defense and security. With increasingly stringent requirements for imaging system performance in emerging applications, including ultra-high resolution, intelligent sensing, and multimodal information fusion, CCD technology continues to evolve toward higher levels of integration and improved performance. Within a fixed sensor area, one of the most straightforward ways t…

Evidence: 35 • authority: 80

Charge coupled device (CCD) image sensors

Evidence: 35 • authority: 80

Charge-coupled device (CCD) image sensors

Evidence: 35 • authority: 72

Infrared thermography (IRT), also known as thermal imaging, is a measurement and imaging technique in which a thermal camera detects infrared radiation originating from the surface of objects. This radiation has two main components: thermal emission from the object's surface, which depends on its temperature and emissivity, and reflected radiation from surrounding sources. When the object is not (fully) opaque, i.e. exhibits nonzero transmissivity at the cameras operating wavelengths, transmitted radiation also contributes to the observed signal. The result is a visible image called a thermogram. Thermal cameras most commonly operate in the long-wave infrared (LWIR) range (7–14 μm); less fr…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

GMF-Net: A Gaussian-Matched Fusion Network for Weak Small Object Detection in Satellite Laser Ranging Imagery.. Detecting small objects in Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) CCD images is critical yet challenging due to low signal-to-noise ratios and complex backgrounds. Existing frameworks often suffer from high computational costs and insufficient feature extraction capabilities for such tiny targets. To address these issues, we propose the Gaussian-Matched Fusion Network (GMF-Net), a lightweight and high-precision detector tailored for SLR scenarios. The core scientific innovation lies in the Gaussian-Matched Convolution (GMConv) module. Unlike standard convolutions, GMConv is theoretically g…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Computer vision tasks include methods for acquiring, processing, analyzing, and understanding digital images, and extraction of high-dimensional data from the real world in order to produce numerical or symbolic information, e.g. in the form of decisions. "Understanding" in this context signifies the transformation of visual images into descriptions of the world that make sense to thought processes and can elicit appropriate action. This image understanding can be seen as the disentangling of symbolic information from image data using models constructed with the aid of geometry, physics, statistics, and learning theory. The scientific discipline of computer vision is concerned with the theo…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

sCMOS (scientific Complementary Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor) are a type of CMOS image sensor (CIS). These sensors are commonly used as components in specific observational scientific instruments, such as microscopes and telescopes. sCMOS image sensors offer extremely low noise, rapid frame rates, wide dynamic range, high quantum efficiency, high resolution, and a large field of view simultaneously in one image. The sCMOS technology was launched in 2009 during the Laser World of Photonics fair in Munich. The companies Andor Technology, Fairchild Imaging and PCO Imaging developed the technology for image sensors as joint venture.

Evidence: — • authority: 72

A light field camera, also known as a plenoptic camera, is a camera that captures information about the light field emanating from a scene; that is, the intensity of light in a scene, and also the precise direction that the light rays are traveling in space. This contrasts with conventional cameras, which record only light intensity at various wavelengths. One type uses an array of micro-lenses placed in front of an otherwise conventional image sensor to sense intensity, color, and directional information. Multi-camera arrays are another type.

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Lidar (, an acronym of light detection and ranging or laser imaging, detection, and ranging, often stylized LiDAR) is a method for determining ranges by targeting an object or a surface with a laser and measuring the time for the reflected light to return to the optical receiver. Lidar may operate in a fixed direction (e.g., vertical) or it may scan directions, in a special combination of 3D scanning and laser scanning. LiDAR is used within terrestrial, airborne, and mobile equipment around the globe. It is commonly used to make high-resolution maps, with applications in surveying, geodesy, geomatics, archaeology, geography, geology, geomorphology, seismology, forestry, atmospheric physics,…