ciało-człowieka: Neoteny in humans

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

Neoteny is the retention of juvenile traits well into adulthood. In humans, this trend is greatly amplified, especially when compared to non-human primates. Neotenic features of the head include the globular skull; thinness of skull bones; the reduction of the brow ridge; the large brain; the flattened and broadened face; the hairless face; hair on (top of) the head; larger eyes; ear shape; small nose; small teeth; and the small maxilla (upper jaw) and mandible (lower jaw). Neoteny of the human body is indicated by glabrousness (hairless body). Neoteny in humans is further indicated by the limbs and body posture, with the limbs proportionately short compared to torso length; longer leg than…

Evidence: 50 • authority: 88

Humans, among Other Classical Animals. Abstract This book considers the question of how studying Classics can be relevant at the present moment of environmental and existential crisis. In a series of encounters from the European assimilation and destruction of the New World to our present environmental destruction of our shared world, it explores an answer by demonstrating how the Classics have been implicated in the structures of thought that have ultimately led us to our present historical moment. Telling the story of anthropology’s Classical entanglements from its inception to its growth to critical self-awareness, it demonstrates that Classical ideas have played a crucial—and often dele…

Evidence: 50 • authority: 92

Children's Evolved Learning Abilities and Their Implications for Education.. In this article, I examine children's evolved learning mechanisms that make humans the most educable of animals. These include (1) skeletal perceptual and cognitive mechanisms that get fleshed out over the course of development, mainly through play; (2) a high level of plasticity that is greatest early in life but that persists into adulthood; (3) remarkable social-learning capabilities; and (4) dispositions toward exploration and play. I next examine some evolutionary mismatches-conflicts between psychological mechanisms evolved in ancient environments and their utility in modern ones-specifically with respect to…

Evidence: 42 • authority: 80

Humans aren’t the only animals that gather to hunker down together at Christmas

Evidence: 42 • authority: 80

Should Royal Navy Ships Designed for Optional Crewing Only Enable Humans to Survive, or Also Enable Them to Thrive?

Evidence: 42 • authority: 80

Why animals recognise numbers but only humans can do maths

Evidence: 42 • authority: 92

Oxygen and the Spark of Human Brain Evolution: Complex Interactions of Metabolism and Cortical Expansion across Development and Evolution.. Scientific theories on the functioning and dysfunction of the human brain require an understanding of its development-before and after birth and through maturation to adulthood-and its evolution. Here we bring together several accounts of human brain evolution by focusing on the central role of oxygen and brain metabolism. We argue that evolutionary expansion of human transmodal association cortices exceeded the capacity of oxygen delivery by the vascular system, which led these brain tissues to rely on nonoxidative glycolysis for additional energy supp…

Evidence: 42 • authority: 92

Ultrastructural Characteristics of the Juvenile Chum Salmon (<i>Oncorhynchus keta</i>) Cerebellum: Interneuron Composition, Neuro-Glial Interactions, Homeostatic Neurogenesis, and Synaptic Plasticity.. Currently, the problem of climate change on Earth is becoming increasingly urgent. These changes are the reason for the increasingly pronounced adaptive differences in different species of fish. A significant gap in ultrastructural data on the organization of the salmon cerebellum was the main motivation for this study's microscopic and ultrastructural analyses using transmission and scanning electron microscopy of the cerebellum of juvenile chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta. The stud…

Evidence: 42 • authority: 72

Amphibians are ectothermic, anamniotic, four-limbed vertebrate animals that constitute the class Amphibia. In its broadest sense, it is a paraphyletic group encompassing all tetrapods, but excluding the amniotes (tetrapods with an amniotic membrane, such as modern reptiles, birds and mammals). All extant (living) amphibians belong to the monophyletic subclass Lissamphibia, with three living orders: Anura (frogs and toads), Urodela (salamanders), and Gymnophiona (caecilians). Evolved to be mostly semiaquatic, amphibians have adapted to inhabit a wide variety of habitats, with most species living in freshwater, wetland or terrestrial ecosystems (such as riparian woodland, fossorial and even a…