codzienność: Lamprey

Evidence: 39 • authority: 72

Hematophagy (sometimes spelled haematophagy or hematophagia) is the practice by certain animals of feeding on blood (from the Greek words αἷμα haima "blood" and φαγεῖν phagein "to eat"). Since blood is a fluid tissue rich in nutritious proteins and lipids that can be taken without great effort, hematophagy is a preferred form of feeding for many small animals, such as worms and arthropods. Some intestinal nematodes, such as Ancylostomatids, feed on blood extracted from the capillaries of the gut, and about 75 percent of all species of leeches (e.g., Hirudo medicinalis) are hematophagous. The spider Evarcha culicivora feeds indirectly on vertebrate blood by specializing on blood-filled femal…

Evidence: 29 • authority: 88

Biology and Physiology of Feeding in Adult Lampreys. Although landlocked sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) attack all but a few of the smallest teleosts in the Great Lakes, the large cold-water species have received the most predation. Information on the feeding habits of anadromous lampreys is limited, but they probably are not specific in their choice of hosts. Species differences exist in the relative proportions of blood and muscle tissue which are consumed. The landlocked sea lamprey primarily feeds on the blood of host fishes at rates of 3–30% of its wet body weight∙d −1 (10 °C). The estimated gross conversion efficiency for this species feeding ad libitum at 10 °C is 39%. This relati…

Evidence: 29 • authority: 72

Coral reef fish are marine fish which live amongst or in close relation to coral reefs. Coral reefs form complex ecosystems with a high amount of biodiversity. Among the multitude of inhabitants, the fish stand out as colourful and interesting to watch. Hundreds of species can exist in a small area of a healthy reef, many of them hidden or well camouflaged. Reef fish have developed many specialisations adapted to survival on the reefs. Coral reefs occupy less than 1% of the surface area of the world oceans, but provide a home for 25% of all marine fish species. Reef habitats are a sharp contrast to the open water habitats that make up the other 99% of the world oceans. However, loss and deg…

Evidence: 29 • authority: 72

Tunicates are marine invertebrates belonging to the subphylum Tunicata ( TEW-nih-KAY-tə). This grouping is part of the Chordata, a phylum which includes all animals with dorsal nerve cords and notochords (including vertebrates). The subphylum was at one time called Urochordata, and the term urochordates is still sometimes used for these animals. Despite their simple appearance and very different adult form, their close relationship to the vertebrates is certain. Both groups are chordates, as evidenced by the fact that during their mobile larval stage, tunicates possess a notochord, a hollow dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, post-anal tail, and an endostyle. They resemble a tadpole. Tunic…

Evidence: 20 • authority: 92

Functional anatomy, jaw mechanisms, and feeding behavior of Dunkleosteus terrelli (Placodermi, Arthrodira).. The comparative and functional anatomy of the cleaver-like jaws of the Late Devonian arthrodire Dunkleosteus terrelli remains poorly understood, despite significant advances in our understanding of arthrodire anatomy. Here, we re-investigate the jaw morphology of D. terrelli from a comparative anatomical perspective. Rare cartilaginous elements, preserved attachment sites, and comparisons with other arthrodires suggest the skull of Dunkleosteus contained significantly more cartilage than previously assumed, with many major jaw muscle attachments and cranial articulations located on c…

Evidence: 20 • authority: 72

Pelagic fish live in the pelagic zone of ocean or lake waters—being neither close to the bottom nor near the shore—in contrast with demersal fish that live on or near the bottom, and reef fish that are associated with coral reefs. The marine pelagic environment is the largest aquatic habitat on Earth, occupying 1,370 million cubic kilometres (330 million cubic miles), and is the habitat for 11% of known fish species. The oceans have a mean depth of 4,000 metres (2.5 miles). About 98% of the total water volume is below 100 metres (330 ft), and 75% is below 1,000 metres (3,300 ft). Marine pelagic fish can be divided into coastal (inshore) fish and oceanic (offshore) fish. Coastal pelagic fish…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The burbot (Lota lota), also known as bubbot, mariah, loche, cusk, freshwater cod, freshwater ling, freshwater cusk, the lawyer, coney-fish, lingcod, or eelpout, is a species of coldwater ray-finned fish native to the subarctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere. It is the only member of the genus Lota, and is the only freshwater species of the order Gadiformes. The species is closely related to marine fish such as the common ling and cusk, all of which belong to the family Lotidae (rocklings).

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Fish migration is mass relocation by fish from one area or body of water to another. Many types of fish migrate on a regular basis, on time scales ranging from daily to annually or longer, and over distances ranging from a few metres to thousands of kilometres. Such migrations are usually done for better feeding or to reproduce, but in other cases the reasons are unclear. Fish migrations involve movements of schools of fish on a scale and duration larger than those arising during normal daily activities. Some particular types of migration are anadromous, in which adult fish live in the sea and migrate into fresh water to spawn; and catadromous, in which adult fish live in fresh water and mi…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Filter feeders are aquatic animals that feed on organic matter, food particles or smaller organisms (bacteria, microalgae and zooplanktons) suspended in water, typically by having the water pass over or through a specialized filtering organ that sieves out and/or traps solids. Filter feeders can play an important role in condensing biomass and removing excess nutrients (such as nitrogen and phosphate) from the local waterbody, and are therefore considered water-cleaning ecosystem engineers. They are also important in bioaccumulation and, as a result, are indicator organisms. Filter feeders can be sessile, planktonic, nektonic or even neustonic (in the case of the buoy barnacle) depending on…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Lampreys (sometimes inaccurately called lamprey eels) are a group of jawless fish composing the order Petromyzontiformes , sole order in the class Petromyzontida. The adult lamprey is characterized by a toothed, funnel-like, sucking mouth. The common name "lamprey" is probably derived from Latin lampetra, which may mean "stone licker" (lambere "to lick" + petra "stone"), though the etymology is uncertain. "Lamprey" is sometimes seen for the plural form. About 38 extant species of lampreys are known, with around seven known extinct species. They are classified in three families—two small families in the Southern Hemisphere (Geotriidae, Mordaciidae) and one large family in the Northern Hemisp…