ciało-człowieka: Homeostasis

Evidence: 66 • authority: 88

Mechanisms of astrocytic and microglial purinergic signaling in homeostatic regulation and implications for neurological disease. Purinergic signaling, mediated by ATP and adenosine receptors, plays a crucial role in cellular communication and homeostasis within the central nervous system (CNS), particularly by regulating synaptic activity, glial cell functions, and neuroplasticity. Glial cells, including astrocytes and microglia, contribute to both short-term processes, such as neurotransmission and neuroinflammation, and long-term functions, including synaptic remodeling, tissue repair, and behavioral adaptation. Dysregulation of purinergic signaling in these cells has been implicated in…

Evidence: 51 • authority: 72

In humans, the kidneys are two reddish-brown bean-shaped blood-filtering organs that are a multilobar, multipapillary form of mammalian kidneys, usually without signs of external lobulation. They are located on the left and right in the retroperitoneal space, and in adult humans are about 12 centimetres (4+1⁄2 inches) in length. They receive blood from the paired renal arteries; blood exits into the paired renal veins. Each kidney is attached to a ureter, a tube that carries excreted urine to the bladder. The kidney participates in the control of the volume of various body fluids, fluid osmolality, acid–base balance, various electrolyte concentrations, and removal of toxins. Filtration occu…

Evidence: 45 • authority: 92

Neuromodulatory Gating of Synaptic Plasticity: Mechanisms, Motivation, and Clinical Dysfunction Across Scales.. Brain plasticity enables adaptive learning, memory, and behavior, yet it is neither unconstrained nor automatic. Emerging evidence indicates that synaptic change occurs within a hierarchy of interacting regulatory layers that collectively determine when, where, and how plasticity is expressed. We propose a four-layer hierarchical framework in which plasticity is shaped by energetic constraints, homeostatic stability, neuromodulatory gating, and experience-dependent synaptic modification. Energetic limits set metabolic boundaries for synaptic change, while homeostatic mechanisms ma…

Evidence: 45 • authority: 92

Identification of a shared blood-brain transcriptomic signature in Parkinson's disease using bioinformatic and network pharmacology approaches.. Parkinsons disease, characterized by the aggregation of alpha-synuclein is a complex neurodegenerative disorder with the fastest global prevalence growth. The identification of shared genes expressed in both blood and brain of Parkinson's disease patients improves the knowledge on peripheral pathophysiology of the disease and facilitates identification of minimally invasive potential biomarkers from these shared genes. Our study intends to identify a shared transcriptomic signature between the blood and brain critical for developing minimally invas…

Evidence: 41 • authority: 72

In biology, homeostasis (in British English also homoeostasis) is the process by which living organisms maintain relatively stable internal physical and conditions despite changes in their internal or external environment. Body temperature, blood glucose, blood pressure, fluid balance, levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood, pH, and the concentrations of ions such as sodium, potassium, and calcium are all homeostatically regulated variables. These variables are generally maintained within physiological ranges rather than at absolutely constant values; set points for some regulated variables may also change, as occurs with circadian variation in body temperature or during fever. Ho…

Evidence: 27 • authority: 92

Hierarchical homeostatic failure in Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome: From nuclear lesion to systemic decline.. Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) is a fatal laminopathy caused by an LMNA mutation that generates progerin, a permanently farnesylated, truncated form of prelamin A. Although progerin's structural effects are well established, prior reviews have largely cataloged its downstream consequences, genome instability, proteostasis failure, inflammation, stem-cell dysfunction and matrix remodeling, as parallel, largely independent processes. Here, two decades of mechanistic evidence are reorganized into a single evidence-ranked hierarchy spanning four interconnected levels…

Evidence: 20 • authority: 72

Insulin resistance (IR) is a pathological response in which cells in insulin-sensitive tissues in the body fail to respond normally to the hormone insulin or downregulate insulin receptors in response to hyperinsulinemia. Insulin resistance is a major cause of type 2 diabetes. Insulin is a hormone that facilitates the transport of glucose from blood into cells, thereby reducing blood glucose (blood sugar). Insulin is released by the pancreas in response to carbohydrates consumed in the diet. In states of insulin resistance, the same amount of insulin does not have the same effect on glucose transport and blood sugar levels. There are many causes of insulin resistance and the underlying proc…

Evidence: 20 • authority: 72

In neuroscience, synaptic plasticity is the ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken over time, in response to increases or decreases in their activity. Since memories are postulated to be represented by vastly interconnected neural circuits in the brain, synaptic plasticity is one of the important neurochemical foundations of learning and memory (see Hebbian theory). The correlative Hebbian synaptic plasticity theory is one of the most influential ideas about the changes that may occur in the brain as it takes in new information. If cell A is frequently taking part in firing cell B, then the strength of their connection should increase. The increase in strength is based on causality and…

Evidence: 20 • authority: 72

A disease is a particular abnormal condition that adversely affects the structure or function of all or part of an organism and is not immediately due to any external injury. Diseases are often known to be medical conditions that are associated with specific signs and symptoms. A disease may be caused by external factors such as pathogens or by internal dysfunctions. For example, internal dysfunctions of the immune system can produce a variety of different diseases, including various forms of immunodeficiency, hypersensitivity, allergies, and autoimmune disorders. In humans, disease is often used more broadly to refer to any condition that causes or can cause pain, dysfunction, distress, so…

Evidence: 20 • authority: 92

Homeostatic Correction During Severe Physiologic Stress: A Phase-Specific Model for GC–GRα-Coordinated Organism-Wide Adaptation. Critical illness is increasingly recognized as a disorder of disrupted systemic homeostasis rather than simply a consequence of maladaptive systemic inflammation or isolated organ failure. Although researchers have extensively investigated adaptive biologic responses to severe physiologic stress, far 2 less attention has been paid to the integrative mechanisms that coordinate these responses across multiple organ systems throughout the course of illness. This review synthesizes current evidence from systems biology, immunology, endocrinology, network physiology, a…