psy: Amphetamine

Evidence: 75 • authority: 72

Stimulant psychosis, also known as stimulant-induced psychotic disorder, is a mental disorder characterized by psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, severe paranoia, disorganized thinking, and grossly disorganized behavior. It typically occurs following an overdose or several day binge on psychostimulants (such as cocaine and methamphetamine), although it can occur in the course of stimulant therapy, particularly at higher doses. One study reported occurrences at regularly prescribed doses in approximately 0.1% of individuals within the first several weeks after starting amphetamine or methylphenidate therapy. Methamphetamine psychosis, or long-term effects of stimulant use…

Evidence: 61 • authority: 72

Adderall is the brand name of a fixed-dose combination medication used for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy. It is also used as an athletic performance enhancer, cognitive enhancer, appetite suppressant, and recreationally as a euphoriant. Such uses are illegal in many countries. It is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of the phenethylamine class. It contains the amphetamines dextroamphetamine saccharate, amphetamine aspartate, dextroamphetamine sulfate, and amphetamine sulfate. It is taken by mouth. At therapeutic doses, Adderall causes emotional and cognitive effects such as euphoria, change in sex drive, increased wakefulness, and imp…

Evidence: 54 • authority: 92

What Dose of Methamphetamine Do Regular Consumers Use Daily? Estimating Oral Amphetamine Milligram Equivalents.. Objectives The purity, accessibility, and affordability of illicit methamphetamine have increased in recent decades, which has been linked to rising rates of methamphetamine-involved overdoses, psychosis, cardiovascular events, and other health consequences. Nevertheless, information about the quantity of methamphetamine used by regular consumers has been limited, despite the potential clinical utility of exposure quantification. Methods From August 2024 to April 2026, self-reported daily methamphetamine consumption was assessed among n = 94 individuals in Los Angeles County. Met…

Evidence: 54 • authority: 72

Dextroamphetamine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant and enantiomer of amphetamine that is used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy. It is also used illicitly to enhance cognitive and athletic performance, and recreationally as an aphrodisiac and euphoriant. Dextroamphetamine is generally regarded as the prototypical stimulant. The amphetamine molecule exists as two enantiomers, levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine. Dextroamphetamine is the dextrorotatory, or 'right-handed', enantiomer and exhibits more pronounced effects on the central nervous system than levoamphetamine. Pharmaceutical dextroamphetamine sulfate is available as both…

Evidence: 48 • authority: 92

Sleep disturbances as an early indicator of psychotic disorders in adolescents and young adults.. Sleep disturbances are increasingly recognized as clinically relevant markers in the early detection of psychotic disorders among adolescents and young adults. These disturbances, including insomnia, circadian rhythm disruptions, parasomnias, and fragmented sleep, affect up to 70% of individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis, rising to 80% in fully developed schizophrenia. This review synthesizes current evidence on the relationship between sleep problems and early psychotic symptoms, emphasizing their potential as observable and possibly modifiable indicators of illness onset. Neurobiolo…

Evidence: 47 • authority: 72

Amphetamine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that is used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy; it is also used to treat binge eating disorder in the form of lisdexamfetamine. Historically, it has been used to treat nasal congestion and depression. Amphetamine is also used as an athletic performance enhancer and cognitive enhancer, and recreationally as an aphrodisiac and euphoriant. It is a prescription drug in many countries, and unauthorized possession and distribution of amphetamine are often tightly controlled due to the significant health risks associated with recreational use. Amphetamine was discovered as a chemical in 1887 by…

Evidence: 41 • authority: 72

Methamphetamine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that is primarily used as a recreational or performance-enhancing drug and less commonly as a second-line treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It has also been researched as a potential treatment for traumatic brain injury. Methamphetamine was discovered in 1893 and exists as two enantiomers: levo-methamphetamine and dextro-methamphetamine. Methamphetamine properly refers to a specific chemical substance, the racemic free base, which is an equal mixture of levomethamphetamine and dextromethamphetamine in their pure amine forms, but the hydrochloride salt, commonly called crystal meth, is widely used. Metha…

Evidence: 41 • authority: 72

In psychopathology, psychosis ( ) is the inability to distinguish what is or is not real. Examples of psychotic symptoms are delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized or incoherent thoughts or speech. Psychosis is a description of a person's state or symptoms, rather than a specific mental illness, and it is not related to the personality construct of psychopathy. Common causes of chronic psychosis include schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder, and brain damage (usually as a result of alcoholism). Acute psychosis can also be caused by severe distress, sleep deprivation, sensory deprivation, some medications, and drug use and withdrawal (including alcohol, cannabis, h…