odwaga-i-dzialanie: Marek Aureliusz

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Man in the Face of Passing and the Transitory Nature of the Moment in Marcus Aurelius’ Meditations. The Polish version of the article was published in “Roczniki Humanistyczne,” vol. 56 (2008), issue 3. In his Meditations, the Stoic emperor Marcus Aurelius very often resorts to the motif of passing and transitory nature of human life. On the one hand, this permanent and pessimistic motif may be interpreted as a certain kind of spiritual exercise, practised not only by Stoics. On the other hand, we cannot exclude that this is a manifestation of the author’s personal views and experiences. Marcus often touched upon the topic of death, a fact that was not necessarily an expression of his fear o…

Evidence: 44 • authority: 90

Meditations on death : A study on the role of death in the Meditations of Marcus Aurelius. Although written down almost two thousand years ago, the philosophical topics that are discussed in the Meditations of Marcus Aurelius are just as relevant to contemplate today as they were in his time. In the Meditations, Marcus reflects on many themes regarding the human condition and what his own individual task may be in a world full of wrongdoers, natural changes, and death. Thoughts about his own and other people’s mortality occur often throughout the work as if he always wants to keep the imminence of death present in his mind, but why is that so? In this essay, I investigate that question with…

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Stoic Agnosticisms about Death. Chapter ten breaks the chronological borders of Greek literature moving the discussion to the Roman Stoics and in particular Marcus Aurelius. Absent here is much of the mythological focus so characteristic of treatments of death and the afterlife in earlier chapters. However, emphasis of traditional accounts is found in a continuing, if not increased insistence on the soul, although a concern for its post-mortem existence has been redirected from a focus on the Underworld to an understanding of the cosmos it inhabits. While Socrates saw death and the afterlife as ideas about which mortals must remain ignorant, these matters are now thought of as discernible t…

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Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (born Lucius Septimius Bassianus, 4 April 188 – 8 April 217), better known by his nickname Caracalla (; Latin: [karaˈkalːa]), was Roman emperor from 198 to 217 AD, first serving as nominal co-emperor under his father and then ruling alone after 211 AD. He was a member of the Severan dynasty, the elder son of Emperor Septimius Severus and Empress Julia Domna. Severus proclaimed Caracalla co-ruler in 198, doing the same with his other son Geta in 209. The two brothers briefly shared power after their father's death in 211, but Caracalla soon had Geta murdered by the Praetorian Guard and became sole ruler of the Roman Empire. Julia Domna had a significant share in gov…

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Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Pius (; Latin: [antoːˈniːnus ˈpius]; 19 September 86 – 7 March 161) was Roman emperor from AD 138 to 161. He was the fourth of the Five Good Emperors from the Nerva–Antonine dynasty and also the fourth of the six adoptive emperors. Born into a senatorial family, Antoninus held various offices during the reign of Emperor Hadrian. He married Hadrian's niece Faustina, and Hadrian adopted him as his son and successor shortly before his death. Antoninus acquired the cognomen Pius after his accession to the throne, either because he compelled the Senate to deify his adoptive father, or because he had saved senators sentenced to death by Hadrian in his later years.…

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Marcus Aurelius : family, dynasty, power. This thesis is a prosopographical examination of the policy of Marcus Aurelius regarding his family. The prosopographical method avoids schematic biography, and allows the inclusion of individuals who would otherwise only appear in a periphery sense. I aim to demonstrate that a new perspective on Marcus as an emperor can be gained through an examination of the individuals connected to the imperial nexus, most notably his six sons-in-law. The thesis is divided into three chapters. Chapter 1 places Marcus in the context of his scheming family and the succession arrangements of Hadrian, who intended Lucius Verus to be his ultimate successor. Chapter 2,…

Evidence: 39 • authority: 90

“Meditations” of Marcus Aurelius: The attempt of existential-phenomenological analysis. The article is aimed to confute the belief held about the nature of the world view of Marcus Aurelius as pessimistic. The analysis of “Meditations” demonstrates that the text represents a dialogue between a stoic sage and an ordinary man, Marcus Aurelius being in the guise of both. The article proves that the guidance of the philosopher king is positive in its nature, calling one to fulfill manfully their duties aimed at the welfare of the World and Rome while manifesting love to people and showing no fear of failure, suffering or death.. Source: DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals). Year: 2015

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Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander (1 October 208 AD – March 235 AD), also known as Alexander Severus, was Roman emperor from 222 until 235 AD. He was the last emperor from the Severan dynasty and, at the age of 13, became the youngest sole emperor of the united Roman Empire. Alexander became emperor at age 13, succeeding his slain cousin, Emperor Elagabalus as his heir. Alexander and Elagabalus were both grandsons of Julia Maesa, the sister of the empress Julia Domna, who had arranged for Elagabalus's acclamation as emperor by the Third Gallic Legion. Elagabalus had been murdered along with his mother Julia Soaemias by his own guards, who, as a mark of contempt, had the two bodies cast into…

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The early life of Marcus Aurelius (r. 161–180) spans the time from his birth on 26 April 121 until his accession as Roman emperor on 8 March 161. Following the death of his father, Marcus Annius Verus (III), Marcus Aurelius was raised by his grandfather, Marcus Annius Verus (II). Educated at home, Marcus became an adherent of Stoicism at a young age. In 138 he was adopted by Titus Aurelius Antoninus, himself the adopted heir of Emperor Hadrian. Hadrian died later that year, and his adoptive son succeeded him under the name Antoninus Pius. Among Marcus' tutors were the orators Marcus Cornelius Fronto and Herodes Atticus. Marcus held the consulship jointly with Antoninus Pius in 140 and in 14…

Evidence: 34 • authority: 72

The reign of Marcus Aurelius began with his accession on 7 March 161 following the death of his adoptive father, Antoninus Pius, and ended with his own death on 17 March 180. Marcus first ruled jointly with his adoptive brother, Lucius Verus. They shared the throne until Lucius' death in 169. Marcus was succeeded by his son Commodus, who had been made co-emperor in 177. Under Marcus, Rome fought the Roman–Parthian War of 161–66 and the Marcomannic Wars. The so-called Antonine plague occurred during his reign. In the last years of his rule, Marcus composed his personal writings on Stoic philosophy known as Meditations.