fermentacja: Wheat

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

Wheat is a group of wild and domesticated grasses of the genus Triticum (). As cereals, they are cultivated for their grains, which are staple foods around the world. Well-known wheat species and hybrids include the most widely grown common wheat (T. aestivum), spelt, durum, emmer, einkorn, and Khorasan or Kamut. The archaeological record suggests that wheat was first cultivated in the regions of the Fertile Crescent around 9600 BC. Wheat is grown on a larger area of land than any other food crop (219.5 million hectares or 542 million acres in 2024). World trade in wheat is greater than that of all other crops combined. In 2024, world wheat production was 799 million tonnes (881 million sho…

Evidence: 25 • authority: 72

This timeline of prehistory outlines selected developments in human prehistory from approximately 320,000 years ago to around 3200 BC. It begins near the age of some of the earliest known fossils attributed to Homo sapiens, discovered at Jebel Irhoud in present-day Morocco, and covers developments in human migration, technology, subsistence, art and settlement through the Paleolithic and early Holocene. For earlier stages of human evolution, see the Timeline of human evolution. Prehistory generally refers to the period before written records, but its endpoint varies between regions. Writing emerged in Mesopotamia by approximately 3200 BC, while written records appeared at different times el…

Evidence: 25 • authority: 88

Culture, ecology, and pigs from the 5th to the 3rd millennium BC around the Fertile Crescent. By the 5th millennium BC people in the Middle East were dependent for their meat on four domestic ungulates: sheep, goats, cattle, and pigs, all considerably smaller than their wild ancestors (Bökönyi 1977; Uerpmann 1979; Flannery, K.V. 1983; Laffer 1983; Meadow 1983; Stampfli 1983; Grigson 1989; Ducos 1993; Horwitz & Tchernov 1998; Vigne & Buitenhuis 1999; Peters et al. 2000; Ervynck et al. 2001; and many others). It is uncertain whether equids had been domesticated at this date, but their remains are so few in most sites of the 5th, 4th, and 3rd millennia that they can be discounted in any discus…

Evidence: 25 • authority: 92

Resilience at the Transition to Agriculture: The Long-Term Landscape and Resource Development at the Aceramic Neolithic Tell Site of Chogha Golan (Iran).. The evidence for the slow development from gathering and cultivation of wild species to the use of domesticates in the Near East, deriving from a number of Epipalaeolithic and aceramic Neolithic sites with short occupational stratigraphies, cannot explain the reasons for the protracted development of agriculture in the Fertile Crescent. The botanical and faunal remains from the long stratigraphic sequence of Chogha Golan, indicate local changes in environmental conditions and subsistence practices that characterize a site-specific pathway…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Emmer is a hybrid species of wheat. Along with einkorn, it was one of the first crops domesticated in the Near East. It was widely cultivated in the ancient world, but is now a relict crop in mountainous regions of Europe and Asia. Emmer is one of the three grains called farro in Italy. The edible seeds have been used as food since ancient times. The domesticated types are Triticum turgidum subsp. dicoccum and Triticum turgidum subsp. durum. The wild plant is called Triticum dicoccoides. The seeds have an awned covering, the sharp spikes helping the seeds to become buried in the ground. The principal difference between the wild and the domestic forms is that the ripened seed head of the wil…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Einkorn (from German Einkorn, literally "single grain") can refer to either a wild species of wheat (Triticum) or a domesticated form of wheat. The wild form is T. boeoticum (syn. T. m. subsp. boeoticum), and the domesticated form is T. monococcum (syn. T. m. subsp. monococcum). Einkorn is a diploid species (2n = 14 chromosomes) of hulled wheat, with tough glumes (husks) that tightly enclose the grains. The cultivated form is similar to the wild, except that the ear stays intact when ripe and the seeds are larger. The domestic form is known as petit épeautre in French, Einkorn in German, "einkorn" or "littlespelt" in English, piccolo farro in Italian and escanda menor in Spanish. The name r…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The Fertile Crescent (Arabic: الهلال الخصيب al-hilāl al-ḵhaṣīb) is a crescent-shaped region in the Middle East, spanning modern-day Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, and Syria, together with northern Kuwait, south-eastern Turkey, and western Iran. Some authors also include Cyprus and northern Egypt. The Fertile Crescent is believed to be the first region where settled farming emerged as people started the process of clearance and modification of natural vegetation to grow newly domesticated plants as crops. Early human civilizations such as Sumer in Mesopotamia flourished as a result. Technological advances in the region include the development of agriculture and the use of irrigati…

Evidence: — • authority: 80

Genetic Diversity, Evolution and Domestication of Wheat and Barley in the Fertile Crescent

Evidence: — • authority: 88

Domestication of Plants and Animals in the Fertile Crescent - Review. This region stretched in an arc from Israel to southern Turkey to the foothills of the Zagros Mountains. Food production first arose here because there was enough rainfall for farming without irrigation and because of the many wild plants and animals living there suitable for domestication.

Evidence: — • authority: 92

A haplotype-based evolutionary history of barley domestication.. Barley is one of the oldest cultivated crops, with a complex evolutionary and domestication history 1 . Previous studies have rejected the idea of a single origin and instead support a model of mosaic genomic ancestry 2,3 . With increasingly comprehensive genome data, we now ask where the haplotypes - the building blocks of this mosaic - originate, and whether all domesticated barleys share the same wild progenitors or whether certain wild populations contribute more heavily to specific lineages. To address these questions, we apply a haplotype-based approach to investigate the genetic diversity and population structure of wil…