biologia: Sociobiological theories of rape

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

Sociobiological theories of rape are theories that posit that, by studying animal and plant sexual behaviors, rape by humans can be explained as a biological drive for genetic fitness. Most sociobiologists describe rape in human populations as a cost-benefit analysis in reproductive fitness to claim that the primary motivation for rape is biological. This is a heavily disputed and controversial claim, as it goes directly against the current consensus that rape is emotionally and culturally motivated. Sociobiological theories of rape became more common as the women's rights movements increased in relevance during the 1970s, which implies that the popularity of the area may be political in na…

Evidence: 51 • authority: 92

Re-imagining Reproduction: The Queer Possibilities of Plants.. How did plant sexuality come to so hauntingly resemble human sexual formations? How did plant biology come to theorize plant sexuality with binary formulations of male/female, sex/gender, sperm/egg, active males and passive females-all of which resemble western categories of sex, gender, and sexuality? Tracing the extant language of sex and sexuality in plant reproductive biology, we examine the histories of science to explore how plant reproductive biology emerged historically from formations of colonial racial and sexual politics and how evolutionary biology was premised on the imaginations of racialized heterosexual romance.…

Evidence: 44 • authority: 72

Animal culture can be defined as the ability of non-human animals to learn and transmit behaviors through processes of social or cultural learning. Culture is increasingly seen as a process, involving the social transmittance of behavior among peers and between generations. It can involve the transmission of novel behaviors or regional variations that are independent of genetic or ecological factors. The existence of culture in non-humans has been a contentious subject, sometimes forcing researchers to rethink "what it is to be human". The notion of culture in other animals dates back to Aristotle in classical antiquity, and more recently to Charles Darwin, but the association of other anim…

Evidence: 44 • authority: 90

The Road Not Taken: What Developmental Psychology Might Learn From Darwin’s Insights Concerning Sexual Selection. Developmental Psychology is the branch of psychology that studies, not only human behavior, but how and why human behavior changes over time. This essay seeks to review to what extent Developmental Psychology has failed to perceive human behavior through the lens of evolutionary theory in general, and in particular sexual selection as first described by Darwin and later elaborated on by many, including Robert Trivers and Geoffrey Miller; the essay asserts that this failure has resulted in many wrong turns and missed opportunities. In some cases, major developmental theorists (e.…

Evidence: 38 • authority: 72

In amniotes, the clitoris ( KLIT-ər-iss or klih-TOR-iss; pl.: clitorises or clitorides) is a female sex organ. In humans, it is the vulva's most erogenous area and generally the primary anatomical source of female sexual pleasure. The clitoris is a complex structure, and its size and sensitivity can vary. The visible portion, the glans, of the clitoris is typically roughly the size and shape of a pea and is estimated to have more than 10,000 nerve endings. Sometimes in common speech, clitoris or clit is used to solely reference the glans. Sexological, medical, and psychological debate has focused on the clitoris, and it has been subject to social constructionist analyses and studies. Such d…

Evidence: 38 • authority: 72

Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior. Its subject matter includes the behavior of humans and nonhumans, both conscious and unconscious phenomena, and mental processes such as thoughts, feelings, and motives. Psychology is an academic discipline of broad scope, crossing the boundaries between the natural and social sciences. A professional practitioner or researcher involved in the discipline is called a psychologist. Some psychologists can also be classified as behavioral or cognitive scientists. Some psychologists attempt to understand the role of mental functions in individual and social behavior. Others explore the physiological and neurobiological processes that u…

Evidence: 38 • authority: 80

ELLIS, L. Theories of Rape: Inquiries into the Causes of Sexual Aggression

Evidence: 38 • authority: 92

Tobamoviruses: Advances in Molecular Biology, Host Interactions and Integrated Disease Management.. Tobamoviruses (viruses in the genus Tobamovirus , family Virgaviridae ) lead to major yield losses in economically important crops around the world. In this review, we go beyond the canonical gene expression framework by integrating recent discoveries of reverse open reading frames (rORFs) on the negative-strand RNA. These rORFs have only been experimentally validated in cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV), with predicted sequence-conserved homologs across a subset of the genus, including TMV, ToBRFV, and PMMoV. However, they are not universally present in all tobamoviruses. We systema…

Evidence: 38 • authority: 92

Gene Flow and Hybridization Potential Between GM/NGT Crops and Conventional Varieties or Wild Relatives: A Scoping Literature Review with Emphasis on Oilseed Rape (<i>Brassica napus</i> L.) and Potato (<i>Solanum tuberosum</i> L.).. Genetically modified (GM) plants have been commercially grown for 30 years, and their acceptance depends on a thorough risk assessment. Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) evaluates potential impacts of releasing GM plants into the environment, whether through cultivation or import for food, feed, and processing. A key component is assessing potential gene flow to crop wild relatives or non-GM crops. For gene flow to significantly affect…

Evidence: 38 • authority: 90

Sexual selection and biological diversification: Patterns and processes. This dissertation investigates the evolutionary consequences of three very different behavioral mechanisms by which males may bias female mating decisions in their favor, elaborate male displays (Chapters I and II) and sexual coercion and resource brokering (Chapter III). The results presented here suggest that sexual selection is an important force in evolution. In Chapters I and II, I investigate the relationship between male courtship displays and speciation. Chapter I utilizes the multiple sister-taxa comparison method to test the hypothesis that sexual dimorphism is correlated with increased species diversity in t…

Evidence: 38 • authority: 90

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ANGER AND SEXUAL BEHAVIOR: A REVIEW OF THEORIES AND RESEARCH.. The aim of this paper is to explore the state of the art about the connection between anger and sexual behavior in eterosexual couples. After a description of anger in psychiatric and psychological literature, the Authors review the available studies about anger-sexuality relationship from theorethical, clinical and experimental point of view. They conclude that there is, till now, a significant confusion about the question. Therefore, Authors suggest a new approach to this problem, due to the possible relevance of the topic in clinical practice. Despite the complexity of this research area, there is a n…

Evidence: 38 • authority: 72

Evolutionary psychology is a theoretical approach in psychology that examines cognition and behavior from a modern evolutionary perspective. It seeks to identify human psychological adaptations with regard to the ancestral problems they evolved to solve. In this framework, psychological traits and mechanisms are either functional products of natural and sexual selection or non-adaptive by-products of other adaptive traits. Adaptationist thinking about physiological mechanisms, such as the heart, lungs, and the liver, is common in evolutionary biology. Evolutionary psychologists apply the same line of thinking in psychology, arguing that just as the heart evolved to pump blood, the liver evo…