geografia: German language

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

German (Deutsch, pronounced [dɔɪ̯tʃ] ) is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family, mainly spoken in Western and Central Europe. It is the majority and official (or co-official) language in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein. It is also an official language of Luxembourg, Belgium and the Italian autonomous province of South Tyrol, French autonomous region of Alsace and as well as a recognised national language in Namibia. There are also notable German-speaking communities in other parts of Europe, including: Poland (Upper Silesia), the Czech Republic (North Bohemia), Denmark (North Schleswig), Slovakia (Krahule), Romania and Hungary (Sopron). Overseas, siz…

Evidence: 58 • authority: 88

Recovery from first-language transfer: The second language acquisition of English double objects by Korean speakers. Previous studies on second language (L2) acquisition of English dative alternation by Korean speakers (Oh and Zubizarreta, 2003, 2006a, 2006b) have shown that the acquisition of English benefactive double object (DO) (e.g. John baked Mary a cake) lags behind that of its counterpart goal double object (e.g. John sent Mary the letter). This asymmetry was attributed to grammatical differences between English and Korean benefactive DOs; goal DOs in the two languages have similar grammatical properties. Given the negative first language (L1) influence attested in the acquisition o…

Evidence: 58 • authority: 88

When alphabets collide: Alphabetic first-language speakers’ approach to speech production in an alphabetic second language. This study analysed the extent to which literate native speakers of a language with a phonemic alphabetic orthography rely on their first language (L1) orthography during second language (L2) speech production of a language that has a morphophonemic alphabetic orthography. The production of the English flapping rule by 15 adult native speakers of Spanish (NSS) was analysed. Flap production should not be problematic for NSS learning English as L2, since the flap [ ] exists in the Spanish phonemic inventory and it has similar acoustic, articluatory, and distributional pr…

Evidence: 58 • authority: 92

P600 responses reveal cross-linguistic co-activation: Grammatical gender processing in Turkish-German bilinguals.. This study investigates the neural processing of grammatical gender incongruencies in German in Turkish-German bilinguals using event-related potentials (ERPs) using a connected speech paradigm, taking into account the potential influence of the absence of grammatical gender in their first language (L1; Turkish) on this process. Participants listened to short stories in German that introduced a person or an inanimate object as a referent, followed later by a gendered pronoun that was either congruent or incongruent with the referent's grammatical gender. For bilingual participa…

Evidence: 58 • authority: 88

Grammatical preferences in aspect marking in first language and second language: The case of first language Dutch, English, and German and first language Dutch second language English, and first language Dutch second language German. ABSTRACT Production studies on event conceptualization have shown that the language inventory has a clear influence on event descriptions in different languages (e.g., Carroll & von Stutterheim, 2010). In our perception study with native speakers of German, English, and Dutch and Dutch learners of German and English, we were able to show that in addition to preferred verbalization patterns, there are other verbalization patterns that are rated as equally likely…

Evidence: 50 • authority: 72

A second language (L2) is a language spoken in addition to one's first language (L1). A second language may be a neighbouring language, another language of the speaker's home country, or a foreign language. A speaker's dominant language, which is the language a speaker uses most or is most comfortable with, is not necessarily the speaker's first language. For example, the Canadian census defines first language for its purposes as "What is the language that this person first learned at home in childhood and still understands?", recognizing that for some, the earliest language may be lost, a process known as language attrition. This can happen when young children start school or move to a new…

Evidence: 50 • authority: 88

Polish speakers’ acquisition of L2 German high vowels. German has a set of high front rounded vowels, /yː, ʏ/, that are difficult for second language (L2) learners to acquire. They are often misperceived by L2 learners as back vowels. Many models explain the initial perceptual assimilation of L2 segments into first language (L1) segments, but it is unclear how acquisition occurs in the articulatory domain. This study investigates the acoustic-articulatory acquisition of high vowels in German by L1 speakers of Polish. We collected acoustic and ultrasound data for learners at the A-level (beginner), B-level (intermediate), and C-level (advanced) to examine how articulatory acquisition progres…

Evidence: 50 • authority: 72

English as a second or foreign language (ESL or EFL) is the teaching and learning of English by people whose first language is not English. The field includes teaching English as a foreign language (TEFL) in countries where English is not the dominant language and teaching English as a second language (TESL) in English-speaking countries. English is taught worldwide in schools, universities, language schools, workplaces, and community programs. Learners study English for purposes including education, employment, immigration, and international communication. Teaching methods vary according to learners' needs, proficiency levels, and educational settings, ranging from formal classroom instruc…

Evidence: 50 • authority: 72

This is a list of languages by number of native speakers. All such rankings of human languages ranked by their number of native speakers should be used with caution, because it is not possible to devise a coherent set of linguistic criteria for distinguishing languages in a dialect continuum. For example, a language is often defined as a set of mutually intelligible varieties, but independent national standard languages may be considered separate languages even though they are largely mutually intelligible, as in the case of Danish and Norwegian. Conversely, many commonly accepted languages, including German, Italian, and English, encompass varieties that are not mutually intelligible. Whil…

Evidence: 50 • authority: 92

Language-dependency of the left-digit effect in number line estimation and the role of number word inversion.. Language plays a critical role in shaping cognitive processes. The present study focuses on the impact of language-dependent number representations, specifically examining the effects of number word inversion and the left-digit effect across different linguistic groups. Number word inversion is a phenomenon where in certain languages, such as in German, spoken two-digit numbers start with the unit preceding the decade (e.g., for 91, literally "one-and-ninety" rather than the Arabic numeral order "ninety-one"). Previous studies employing various numerical tasks indicate that the inv…

Evidence: 42 • authority: 80

Inside First and Second Language Speakers’ Trouble in Understanding

Evidence: 42 • authority: 72

This is a list of languages by total number of speakers. It is difficult to define what constitutes a language as opposed to a dialect. For example, while Arabic is sometimes considered a single language centred on Modern Standard Arabic, other authors consider its mutually unintelligible varieties separate languages. Similarly, Chinese is sometimes viewed as a single language because of a shared culture and common literary language, but sometimes considered multiple languages. Conversely, colloquial registers of Hindi and Urdu are almost completely mutually intelligible and are sometimes classified as one language, Hindustani. Rankings of languages should therefore be used with caution, as…