średniowiecze: Historikerstreit

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

The Historikerstreit (German: [hɪsˈtoːʁɪkɐˌʃtʁaɪt] , 'historians' dispute') was a dispute in the late 1980s in West Germany between academics and other intellectuals about how to incorporate Nazi Germany and the Holocaust into German historiography, and more generally into the German people's view of themselves. The dispute was initiated with the Bitburg controversy, which related to a commemorative service at a German military cemetery where members of the Waffen-SS were buried. The service was attended by President of the United States Ronald Reagan, who had been invited by the West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl. The Bitburg ceremony was widely interpreted in Germany as the beginning of t…

Evidence: 40 • authority: 72

Ernst Nolte (11 January 1923 – 18 August 2016) was a German historian and philosopher. Nolte's major interest was the comparative studies of fascism and communism (cf. Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism). Originally trained in philosophy, he was professor emeritus of modern history at the Free University of Berlin, where he taught from 1973 until his 1991 retirement. He was previously a professor at the University of Marburg from 1965 to 1973. He was best known for his seminal work Fascism in Its Epoch, which received widespread acclaim when it was published in 1963. Nolte was a prominent academic from the early 1960s and was involved in many controversies related to the interpretation of t…

Evidence: 35 • authority: 72

Michael Stürmer (29 September 1938 – 13 July 2026) was a German conservative historian who specialised in the history of the German Empire (1871–1918). He is best known for his role in the Historikerstreit of the 1980s, for his geographical interpretation of German history and for an admiring 2008 biography of Vladimir Putin.

Evidence: 22 • authority: 80

The Family Dynamics of German Protestants of Jewish Descent Stigmatized in Nazi Germany and of Their Offspring Born in Postwar West Germany

Evidence: 22 • authority: 72

The historiography of World War II is the study of how historians portray the causes, conduct, and outcomes of World War II. There are different perspectives on the causes of the war; the three most prominent are the Orthodox from the 1950s, Revisionist from the 1970s, and Post-Revisionism which offers the most contemporary perspective. The orthodox perspective arose during the aftermath of the war. The main historian noted for this perspective is Hugh Trevor-Roper. Orthodox historians argue that Hitler was a master planner who intentionally started World War II due to his strong beliefs on fascism, expansionism, and the supremacy of the German state. Revisionist historians argue that it wa…

Evidence: 22 • authority: 72

Anti-antisemitism in Germany is the German state's institutionalised opposition to antisemitism, in acknowledgement of the murder of some six million Jews by the Nazi regime in the Holocaust. Anti-antisemitism has been described as "a defining marker of post-war German identity" and a commitment to supporting Israel is considered a Staatsräson, a fundamental principle guiding the German state's actions, a doctrine articulated by German Chancellor Angela Merkel in 2008. Following the 2015 European migrant crisis, the German federal government and most of Germany's states set up commissioners for fighting antisemitism. Many of those arrested and cancelled in Germany over allegations of antise…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The Republicans (German: Die Republikaner, REP) is a national-conservative political party in Germany. The primary plank of the programme is opposition to immigration. The party tends to attract protest voters who think that the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and the Christian Social Union of Bavaria (CSU) are not sufficiently conservative. It was founded in 1983 by former CSU members Franz Handlos and Ekkehard Voigt, and Franz Schönhuber was the party's leader from 1985 to 1994. The party had later been led by Rolf Schlierer, until 2014. The Republicans had seats in the European Parliament between 1989 and 1994, Abgeordnetenhaus of West Berlin in 1989–1990 and in the parliament of the Ge…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Holocaust trivialization is the act of making comparisons that diminish the scale and severity of the atrocities committed by Nazi Germany. The Wiesel Commission defines trivialization as the abusive use of comparisons with the aim of minimizing the Holocaust and banalizing its atrocities. Manfred Gerstenfeld identifies trivialization of the Holocaust as one of eleven forms of Holocaust distortion; he defines Holocaust trivialization as the application of language that is specific to describing the Holocaust to events and purposes that are unrelated to it. According to Gerstenfeld, such unrelated issues include environmental problems, abortion, killing of animals, tobacco consumption, and h…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The assertion that the Holocaust was a unique event in human history was important to the historiography of the Holocaust, but it has come under increasing criticism in the twenty-first century. Related claims include the assertion that the Holocaust is external to history, beyond human understanding, a civilizational rupture (German: Zivilisationsbruch), and something that should not be compared to other historical events. Uniqueness approaches to the Holocaust also coincide with the view that antisemitism is not another form of racism and prejudice but is eternal and teleologically culminates in the Holocaust, a frame that is preferred by proponents of Zionist narratives.

Evidence: — • authority: 72

[[File:Flag of Germany.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.1|The current flag of Germany was originally designed in 1848 and used at the Frankfurt Parliament, then by the Weimar Republic, then by East Germany and West Germany from 1949 and 1989, and then from 1989 to present, right after German reunification.[[File:Reichsadler Manesse.png|thumb|upright=1.9|The Reichsadler ("imperial eagle") from the coat of arms of Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Germany, dated 1304. The Reichsadler is the predecessor of the Bundesadler with the heraldic animal. (National emblem of Germany).|170x170px]]]] German nationalism (German: Deutscher Nationalismus) is an ideological notion that promotes the unity of…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Andreas Fritz Hillgruber (18 January 1925 – 8 May 1989) was a conservative German historian who was influential as a military and diplomatic historian who played a leading role in the Historikerstreit of the 1980s. In his controversial book Zweierlei Untergang, he wrote that historians should "identify" with the Wehrmacht fighting on the Eastern Front and asserted that there was no moral difference between Allied policies towards Germany in 1944 and 1945 and the genocide waged against the Jews.

Evidence: — • authority: 80

The decontamination of German history: Jürgen Habermas and the ‘Historikerstreit’ in West Germany