codzienność: Mariam-uz-Zamani

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

Mariam-uz-Zamani (lit. 'Mary/Compassionate of the Age'; 1543 – 19 May 1623) was the Chief consort and favourite wife of the third Mughal emperor, Akbar, and the mother of his successor, Jahangir. She was Akbar's most influential wife and the longest-serving Hindu empress in the Mughal Empire, for forty-three years. Born a Rajput princess of the Kachhwaha dynasty, she was the eldest daughter of Raja Bharmal of Amer and married Akbar in 1562 as part of a political alliance between the Mughal Empire and the Amer. Although widely known in popular culture as Jodha Bai, the name is regarded by modern historians as a historical misnomer and does not appear in contemporary Mughal chronicles. As Akb…

Evidence: 36 • authority: 80

“A married woman who claims her name is issuing a challenge”

Evidence: 36 • authority: 72

The Rahīmī (lit. 'belonging to the most merciful/dedicated to God') was a Mughal trade vessel, running from 1593 to 1613. It is known alternately as the Great Remee, Reheme, Remy, Remee, or Beheme. It was built under the patronage of Empress Mariam-uz-Zamani, chief consort of Emperor Akbar and mother of Emperor Jahangir. The Rahimi was the largest of the Indian ships trading in the Red Sea. It had a sail area so vast that it was identifiable to sailors from miles away and was known to Europeans as, the great pilgrimage ship. One of the most controversial aspects of "The Rahimi's" passage was the amount her officers had to pay the Portuguese for a cartaz. The Rahimi's "sum" became, in Englis…

Evidence: 32 • authority: 80

But she that filches from me my good name: Women and competition

Evidence: 32 • authority: 80

But she that filches from me my good name: Women and mate competition

Evidence: — • authority: 80

Naval Power, Merchant Fleets, and the Impact of Conflict on Trade

Evidence: — • authority: 88

Hindus in Mughal Imperial Governance. Abstract Hindus and other non-Muslims participated in Mughal imperial governance in myriad ways, as in Mughal culture, politics, and society more generally. Whether as warrior elites, bureaucrats, or informal advisors, Hindus were important contributors to Mughal life at every level of society and for the duration of the empire. Indeed, contrary to the modern myth—first propagated by the British, and, unfortunately, still popular conventional wisdom among many Indians today—that the Mughal state was, with the possible exception of Akbar, inherently hostile toward non-Muslims (and vice versa), the historical record suggests otherwise: that Hindus were vi…

Evidence: — • authority: 88

Women, the Imperial Household, and the State. Abstract Building on recent scholarship, this chapter will re-examine the role of women in the imperial household, and the extent of their role in supporting and consolidating the power of the Mughal Emperors. Where an earlier scholarship had seen Mughal imperial marriages as consolidating political alliances and the women involved in such marriages as merely pawns being exchanged, this chapter will rethink how authority, influence, and patronage were structured within the harem and beyond it, as women interacted with and participated in the apparatus of state. As committed partners in the imperial project, Mughal women manifested their powers b…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Akbar (Jalal-ud-Din Muhammad Akbar, (1542-10-15)15 October 1542 – (1605-10-27)27 October 1605), also known as Akbar the Great, was the third Mughal emperor, who reigned from 1556 to 1605. Akbar succeeded his father, Humayun, under a regent, Bairam Khan, who helped the young emperor expand and consolidate Mughal domains in the Indian subcontinent. He is generally considered one of the greatest Mughal emperors. Akbar was a descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan through his paternal line. Akbar gradually expanded the Mughal Empire to cover much of the Indian subcontinent through military, political, economic, and cultural means. His military successes and ability to understand the principles of…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Piracy is an act of robbery or criminal violence by ship or boat-borne attackers upon another ship or a coastal area, typically intending to steal cargo and valuable goods, or take hostages. Those who conduct acts of piracy are called pirates, and vessels used for piracy are called pirate ships. The earliest documented instances of piracy date to the 14th century BC, when the Sea Peoples, a group of ocean raiders, attacked the ships of the Aegean and Mediterranean civilizations. Narrow channels which funnel shipping into predictable routes have long created opportunities for piracy, as well as for privateering and commerce raiding. Historic examples of such areas include the waters of Gibra…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The First Opium War (Chinese: 第一次鴉片戰爭; pinyin: Dìyīcì yāpiàn zhànzhēng), also known as the Anglo-Chinese War, was a series of military engagements fought between the British Empire and Qing China between 1839 and 1842. The immediate issue was the Chinese enforcement of their ban on the opium trade by seizing private opium stocks from mainly British merchants at Guangzhou (then named Canton) and threatening to impose the death penalty for future offenders. Despite the opium ban, the British government supported the merchants' demand for compensation for seized goods, and insisted on the principles of free trade and equal diplomatic recognition with China. Opium was Britain's single most prof…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The Bengal Subah (Bengali: সুবাহ বাংলা, Persian: صوبه بنگاله), also referred to as Mughal Bengal and Bengal State (after 1717), was the largest subdivision of the Mughal Empire, encompassing much of the Bengal region, which includes modern-day Bangladesh, the Indian state of West Bengal, and some parts of the present-day Indian states of Bihar, Jharkhand and Odisha between the 16th and 18th centuries. The province was established following the dissolution of the Bengal Sultanate, a major trading nation in the world, when the region was absorbed into the Mughal Empire. Bengal was the wealthiest region in the Indian subcontinent. Aurangzeb (r. 1658–1707) described Bengal Subah as 'the paradis…