wyspy: Border control

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

Border control comprises measures taken by governments to monitor and regulate the movement of people, animals, and goods across land, air, and maritime borders. While border control is typically associated with international borders, it also encompasses controls imposed on internal borders within a single state. Border control measures serve a variety of purposes, ranging from enforcing customs, sanitary and phytosanitary, or biosecurity regulations to restricting migration. While some borders (including most states' internal borders and international borders within the Schengen Area) are open and completely unguarded, others (including the vast majority of borders between countries as wel…

Evidence: 42 • authority: 72

Goa ( GOH-ə; Konkani: [ɡɔ̃j]; Portuguese: [ˈɡoɐ] ) is a state on the southwestern coast of India within the Konkan region. It is geographically separated from the Deccan highlands by the Western Ghats. It is bordered by the Indian states of Maharashtra to the north and Karnataka to the east and south, with the Arabian Sea forming its western coastline. It was the capital of the eastern Portuguese empire until 1961. It is India's smallest state by area and fourth-smallest by population. Panaji (Panjim) is the state's capital, while Vasco da Gama is its largest city by population. The state's official language is Konkani, spoken by the majority of its inhabitants. The Portuguese, who first vo…

Evidence: 35 • authority: 72

The Maurya Empire was a geographically extensive Iron Age historical power in South Asia with its power base in Magadha. Founded by Chandragupta Maurya around c. 320 BCE, it existed in loose-knit fashion until 185 BCE. The primary sources for the written records of the Mauryan times are partial records of the lost history of Megasthenes in Roman texts of several centuries later, and the Edicts of Ashoka. Archaeologically, the period of Mauryan rule in South Asia falls into the era of Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW). Through military conquests and diplomatic treaties, Chandragupta Maurya defeated the Nanda dynasty and extended his suzerainty as far westward as Afghanistan below the Hindu…

Evidence: 32 • authority: 92

Post-COVID-19 and globalization of oil and natural gas trade: Challenges, opportunities, lessons, regulations, and strategies.. The Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak hit the global economy like a tsunami. Every aspect of human society, including the energy industry and market, is affected by this pandemic. The pandemic has affected prices, demand, supply, investment, and several other aspects of the energy sector, including the oil and gas industry. This article is aimed to analyze the impacts of COVID-19 on the oil and gas industry and give a perspective of the post-COVID-19 oil and gas market. Results of this article show that COVID-19 impacts the oil and gas industry. The short-term impact…

Evidence: 32 • authority: 72

The Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) is the highest court in the federal judiciary of the United States. It has ultimate appellate jurisdiction over all U.S. federal court cases, and over state court cases that turn on questions of U.S. constitutional or federal law. It also has original jurisdiction over a narrow range of cases, specifically "all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party". In 1803, the court asserted the power of judicial review, the ability to invalidate a statute for violating a provision of the Constitution. It is also able to strike down presidential directives for violating either the Constitu…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Liechtenstein ( , LIK-tən-stine; German pronunciation: [ˈlɪçtn̩ʃtaɪn] ; Alemannic German: Liachtaschta), officially the Principality of Liechtenstein (Fürstentum Liechtenstein [ˈfʏʁstn̩tuːm ˈlɪçtn̩ʃtaɪn] ), is a doubly landlocked country in the Central European Alps. A microstate, it is located between Austria to the east and north-east and Switzerland to the north-west, west and south. Formed in 1719, Liechtenstein became fully independent upon the dissolution of the German Confederation in 1866. Liechtenstein is a monarchy headed by the prince of Liechtenstein. Hans-Adam II, Prince of Liechtenstein has reigned over Liechtenstein since 1989. Liechtenstein is Europe's fourth-smallest countr…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of 27 member states that are located primarily in Europe. A supranational union with a total area of 4,233,255 km2 (1,634,469 sq mi) and an estimated population of just under 452 million as of 2026, its member states generated a nominal gross domestic product (GDP) of around €18.802 trillion in 2025, accounting for approximately one sixth of global economic output. The EU is often described as a sui generis political entity combining characteristics of both a federation and a confederation. Its cornerstone, the Customs Union, paved the way to establishing an internal single market based on standardised legal framework and legislation…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

A travel document is an identity document issued by a government or international organization to enable individuals to travel across international borders. Travel documents usually assure other governments that the bearer may return to the issuing country, and are often issued in booklet form to allow other governments to place visas as well as entry and exit stamps into them. The most common travel document is a passport, which usually gives the bearer privileges like visa-free access to certain countries. While national passports are the most common variety of travel document, many states and international organisations issue other varieties of travel documents that allow the holder to t…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

A Simulation Approach for the Spatial Testing of Migration Theories.. Migration research has long been divided between studies of drivers, which focus on the factors shaping migration flows, and studies of patterns, which describe how these flows are organised across space. Theories of migration typically identify and operationalise drivers, but are often less explicit about patterns. As a result, migration theories are usually evaluated using goodness-of-fit measures that assess explanatory power but pay limited attention to spatial accuracy. This article addresses this limitation by introducing a simulation-based procedure to evaluate the spatial accuracy of migration theories. Starting f…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Crisis and polity formation in the European Union.. Ernst Haas initially formulated neofunctionalism as a theory of incremental regional polity formation, treating crises as anomalies. Subsequent revisions of the theory incorporated crises as recurring phenomena. This paper introduces a novel conceptualisation and analysis of recent European Union crises, framing them as effects of and challenges to its regulatory polity. It distinguishes between 'failures' and 'attacks', aligning them with the capacity and community-building dimensions of polity formation. Failures, rooted in capacity deficits, prompt capacity development to sustain common policies, varying with international interdependen…

Evidence: — • authority: 88

Fortress Europe vs. Open Borders. Abstract The two nonfictional texts juxtaposed in this chapter; The Strange Death of Europe: Immigration, Identity, Islam (2018; originally published in 2017) by Douglas Murray, and Against Borders: The Case for Abolition (2022) by Gracie May Bradley and Luke de Noronha, address migration from a perspective of how borders should be managed and controlled, and what should be done about contemporary policies with regard to migration. The focus is primarily on Europe and Britain. The chapter examines statements made in both texts and connect them with statistics and scholarly research about migration. Murray’s book is critical of the way in which the migrant c…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The borders of Israel exist as the result both of past wars and of diplomatic agreements between the State of Israel and its neighbours, as well as an effect of the agreements among colonial powers ruling in the region before Israel's creation. The 1949 Armistice Agreements following the 1948 Palestine war established the Green Line, the first internationally recognized borders of Israel. In the 1967 Arab–Israeli War, Israel began an occupation of the Sinai, the Gaza Strip, East Jerusalem, the West Bank, and the Golan Heights; only two of Israel's five total potential land borders are internationally recognized and uncontested, while the other three remain disputed. Israel's two formally re…