średniowiecze: Sunnah

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

Sunnah is the body of traditions and practices of the Islamic prophet Muhammad that constitute a model for Muslims to follow. For Muslims, the sunnah is what all the Muslims of Muhammad's time supposedly saw, followed, and passed on to the next generations. However, what constitutes the Sunnah, and its interpretation, depends significantly on the specific Islamic sect and school of thought. Sunnis rely on six major canonical hadith collections to document the Sunnah, known as Kutub al-Sittah. For Shias, the sunnah is generally documented in Kutub al-'Arba'a, which give preference to hadiths attributed to the Prophet's family (Ahl al-Bayt) and the Twelve Imams. For Ibadis, the sunnah is docu…

Evidence: 40 • authority: 72

Religious texts, including scripture, are texts which various religions consider to be of central importance to their religious tradition. They often feature a compilation or discussion of beliefs, ritual practices, moral commandments and laws, ethical conduct, spiritual aspirations, and admonitions for fostering a religious community. Within each religion, these texts are revered as authoritative sources of guidance, wisdom, and divine revelation. They are often regarded as sacred or holy, representing the core teachings and principles that their followers strive to uphold.

Evidence: 40 • authority: 88

The Epistemology of Hadith in Muhammadiyah: From As-Sunnah As-Sahihah to As-Sunnah Al-Maqbulah. This study examines the epistemological transformation in Muhammadiyah’s approach to hadith, from an initial reliance on As-Sunnah As-Sahihah (authentic hadith) toward the more dynamic concept of As-Sunnah Al-Maqbulah (accepted hadith). This research identifies this shift as a significant epistemological evolution that integrates bayani (textual), burhani (rational), and irfani (contextual-spiritual) approaches. Using a qualitative descriptive method with historical-philosophical analysis, this study draws on Muhammadiyah’s primary documents, including the Himpunan Putusan Tarjih (HPT) and Manhaj…

Evidence: 35 • authority: 88

Mu'tazilah and Sunnah: An Analysis of Mu'tazilite Thought on the Sunnah. This paper aims to explain the Mu'tazilite perspective on their perception of the Sunnah as the second source of law after the Qur'an. To achieve this, the author employs a library research method to understand the development of Mu'tazilite thought regarding the use of the Sunnah. The research findings show that the Mu'tazilah do not reject the Sunnah as a whole but rather question the legal authority of hadith Ahad (single transmission hadith). The implications of this research suggest that it is essential for every Ahl al-Sunnah to view Mu'tazilah as a school that uses the Sunnah, albeit with different interpretatio…

Evidence: 31 • authority: 88

Manhaj Penulisan Hadith Dalam Fiqh Al-Sunnah Oleh Sayyid Sabiq. The fame achieved by Sayyid Sabiq as a renowned Muslim scholar is undisputed. However, he is not spared from criticism. In his work entitled Fiqh al-Sunnah, he is said to have no method in applying hadith to substantiate rules that it entails several contradictions against the aspects affecting the disciplines of hadith. This study therefore intends to investigate the method of hadith writing by Sayyid Sabiq in Fiqh al-Sunnah. To achieve the purpose, qualitative research is conducted through the content analysis method in examining textual contents in Fiqh al-Sunnah. The study finds that Sayyid Sabiq does have his own method in…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The Islamic Golden Age was a period of cultural flourishing in the history of Islam, dated from the 8th century CE to the 14th century. The period is understood to have begun during the reign of the Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid (786–809), with the establishment of the House of Wisdom in Baghdad, one of the world's largest cities at the time. The institution attracted scholars from across the Muslim world to translate the classical knowledge of the known world into Arabic. In addition to Baghdad, the intellectual and cultural activity also flourished in other urban centers of the medieval Islamic world, including Cairo, and Umayyad Córdoba (capital of Al-Andalus), as well as Damascus, Nish…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Jihad (; Arabic: جِهَاد, romanized: jihād [d͡ʒɪˈhæːd]) is an Arabic word that means 'exerting', 'striving', or 'struggling', particularly with a praiseworthy aim. Jihad is typically associated with religiously-motivated warfare against external enemies of Islam. In an Islamic context, it encompasses almost any effort to make personal and social life conform with God's guidance, such as an internal struggle against evil in oneself, efforts to build a good Muslim community (ummah), and struggle to defend Islam. For its literal translation 'struggle', the term is frequently associated with warfare. Jihad is classified into inner ("greater") jihad, which involves a struggle against one's own pa…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Sexuality in Islam, particularly Islamic jurisprudence of sex (Arabic: الفقه الجنسي الإسلامي) and Islamic jurisprudence of marriage (Arabic: فقه النكاح الإسلامي) are the codifications of Islamic scholarly perspectives and rulings on sexuality, which both in turn also contain components of Islamic family jurisprudence, Islamic marital jurisprudence, hygienical, criminal and bioethical jurisprudence, which contains a wide range of views and laws, which are largely predicated on the Quran, and the sayings attributed to Muhammad (hadith) and the rulings of religious leaders (fatwa) confining sexual intercourse to relationships between men and women. All instructions regarding sex in Islam are c…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Criticism of ḥadīth or hadith criticism is the critique of ḥadīth—the genre of canonized Islamic literature made up of attributed reports of the words, actions, and the silent approval of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. In mainstream Islam, the Sunnah (the teachings and practices of Muhammad) is regarded as an authoritative source of guidance, and many detailed rulings of Sharia (Islamic law) are derived from Hadith literature in addition to the Quran. However, Quranists reject the authority of the hadiths, viewing them as un-Quranic; they believe that obedience to Muhammad means obedience to the Quran; some further claim that most hadiths are fabrications (pseudepigrapha) created in the 8th…

Evidence: — • authority: 88

The Hadith Hermeneutics of Hasbi Ash-Shiddieqy and Its Implications for Islamic Law. Contemporary Islamic jurisprudence faces the enduring challenge of reconciling the authority of the Prophetic tradition (Sunnah) with the evolving realities of the modern world. This article examines this problem through an analysis of the systematic hadith hermeneutics developed by the twentieth-century Indonesian scholar Tengku Muhammad Hasbi Ash-Shiddieqy. Using a qualitative hermeneutical approach, the study analyzes his principal works, Pokok-Pokok Ilmu Dirayah Hadis and Falsafah Hukum Islam, to reconstruct his framework for distinguishing between legislative (tashri‘) and non-legislative (ghayr tashri…

Evidence: — • authority: 88

Orientalism and Challenges to Islamic Sources. This study investigates the socio-cultural roots of orientalist perspectives and their impact on the study of Islam and the Eastern world. Employing a qualitative approach, the research draws from the works of key orientalists such as Joseph Schacht, Arent Jan Wensinck, and Ignaz Goldziher, alongside critical analyses from scholars like Edward Said and Muṣṭafa al-Sibaʻī. The research examines how excessive ethnocentrism and cultural ʻaṣabiyyah (group solidarity) have historically influenced Orientalist views and actions, including the propagation of tendentious and discriminatory claims about the Eastern world and Islam. The study utilizes cont…

Evidence: — • authority: 80

The Qurʾan and the Hadith as sources of Islamic law