jaskinie: Cave

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

Caves and caverns are natural voids under the surface of the Earth and have also been observed in other rocky worlds (e.g., on Mars). Caves often form by the weathering of rock and can extend deep underground. Exogene caves are smaller openings that extend a relatively short distance underground (such as rock shelters). Caves which extend farther underground than the opening is wide are called endogene caves. Speleology is the science of exploration and study of all aspects of caves and the cave environment. Visiting or exploring caves for recreation may be called caving, potholing, or spelunking.

Evidence: 90 • authority: 72

A cave or cavern is a natural void in the ground, specifically a space large enough for a human to enter. Caves often form by the weathering of rock and often extend deeply underground. The word cave can also refer to much smaller openings such as sea caves, rock shelters, and grottos, though strictly speaking a cave is exogene, meaning it is deeper than its opening is wide, and a rock shelter is endogene.

Evidence: 49 • authority: 88

Geology of the Trout Rock caves (Hamilton Cave, Trout Cave, New Trout Cave) in Pendleton County, West Virginia (USA), and implications regarding the origin of maze caves. ABSTRACT The Trout Rock caves (Hamilton Cave, Trout Cave, New Trout Cave) are located in a hill named Cave Knob that overlooks the South Branch of the Potomac River in Pendleton County, West Virginia, USA. The geologic structure of this hill is a northeast-trending anticline, and the caves are located at different elevations, primarily along the contact between the Devonian New Creek Limestone (Helderberg Group) and the overlying Devonian Corriganville Limestone (Helderberg Group). The entrance to New Trout Cave (Stop 1) i…

Evidence: 49 • authority: 80

On the Stability of Underground Caves in Calcareous Rocks Due to Long-Term Weathering

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The Elephant Rock (Icelandic: Halldórsskora) is a natural rock formation located on the island of Heimaey in the Westman Islands archipelago. The Elephant Rock is formed primarily of basalt rock, which developed through volcanic activity. The rock formation is thought to have emerged from the volcanic eruption of Eldfell in 1973, which significantly shaped the landscape of Heimaey. Situated along cliffs of Heimaey on the island's northwestern edge, Elephant Rock is part of an eroded volcanic complex shaped by geological forces over thousands of years. The characteristic basalt columns visible on the formation were created by the slow cooling and contraction of lava, resulting in hexagonal c…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

A cave-in is a collapse of a geologic formation, mine or structure which may occur during mining, tunneling, or steep-walled excavation such as trenching. Geologic structures prone to spontaneous cave-ins include alvar, tsingy and other limestone formations, but can also include lava tubes and a variety of other subsurface rock formations. Glacier caves and other ice formations are very prone to collapse from exposure to warm temperatures or running water. In mining, the term roof fall is used to refer to many types of collapses, ranging from the fall of a single flake of shale to collapses that form sink holes that reach to the surface. However, roof falls in mining are not all accidental.…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

A rock formation is an isolated, scenic, or spectacular surface rock outcrop. Rock formations are usually the result of weathering and erosion sculpting the existing rock. The term rock formation can also refer to the process of formation of rocks. It is not to be confused with the concept of a geological formation, which represents a unit of strata rather than a topographic feature like rock formations. A rock structure can be created in any rock type or combination: Igneous rocks are created when molten rock cools and solidifies, with or without crystallisation. They may be either plutonic bodies or volcanic extrusive. Again, erosive forces sculpt their current forms. Metamorphic rocks ar…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Metagenomic analysis of the biofilm community at the oxic-anoxic interface of a deep-underground saline spring at the Baksan Neutrino Observatory.. In this work, the first-ever metagenomic study of the microbial community from the deep-underground saline spring located at the Baksan Neutrino Observatory (BNO) (Kabardino-Balkaria, Russia) is presented. Using the metagenomic approach, we obtained 19 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) attributed to the phyla Pseudomonadota (the dominant phyla), Planctomycetota , Myxococcota , Nitrospirota , Gemmatimonadota , Armatimonadota , and Cyanobacteriota . Archaea are generally absent in the metagenome. The microbial community of the Baksan Neutrino Ob…