miejsca: Londinium

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

Londinium, also known as Roman London, was probably the capital of Roman Britain during most of the period of Roman rule. Most twenty-first century historians think that it was originally a settlement established shortly after the Claudian invasion of Britain, on the current site of the City of London, around 47–50 AD, but some defend an older view that the city originated in a defensive enclosure constructed during the Claudian invasion in 43 AD. Its earliest securely dated structure is a timber drain of 47 AD. It sat at a key ford at the River Thames which turned the city into a road nexus and major port (which was built between 49 and 52 AD), serving as a major commercial centre in Roman…

Evidence: 29 • authority: 72

Chester is a cathedral city in Cheshire, England, on the River Dee, very close to the England–Wales border. It had a built-up area population of 92,760 in 2021, it is the most populous settlement in the borough of Cheshire West and Chester. It is the historic county town of Cheshire and the second-largest settlement in Cheshire after Warrington. Chester was founded in the 70s AD as a "castrum" or Roman fort with the name Deva Victrix during the reign of Emperor Vespasian. One of the main army camps in Roman Britain, Deva later became a major civilian settlement. In 689, King Æthelred of Mercia founded the Minster Church of West Mercia, which later became Chester's first cathedral, and the A…

Evidence: 25 • authority: 72

The River Thames, or simply the Thames ( TEMZ), known alternatively in parts as the River Isis, is a river that flows through southern England including London. At 215 miles (346 km), it is the longest river entirely in England and the second-longest in the United Kingdom, after the River Severn. The river rises at Thames Head in Gloucestershire and flows into the North Sea near Tilbury, Essex and Gravesend, Kent, via the Thames Estuary. From the west, it flows through Oxford (where it is sometimes called the Isis), Reading, Henley-on-Thames and Windsor. The Thames also drains the whole of Greater London. The lower reaches of the river are called the Tideway, derived from its long tidal rea…

Evidence: 24 • authority: 88

Twenty-First-Century Archaeology. Abstract Archaeology in the twenty-first century has seen its equivalent of the radiocarbon dating revolution in the DNA archaeogenetics revolution, with its notable impact on interpretation of Beaker communities in Europe, and more recently the recognition of later Bronze Age immigration. A lesser but important impact has also been made by isotope analysis, and more generally by advances in palaeopathological research. The biggest single change in field archaeology has been the scale of development-led excavation, with major infrastructure projects on a trans-landscape dimension. Whilst the outcome has seen some decline in detailed presentation of results,…

Evidence: 24 • authority: 72

The embanking of the tidal Thames is the process by which the lower River Thames was transformed by human intervention from a broad and shallow waterway winding through malarious marshlands into a deep, narrow tidal canal flowing between solid artificial walls, and restrained by these at high tide. The Victorian civil engineering works in central London, usually called "the Embankment", are only a small part of this process. Beginning in Roman Londinium, embanking was pursued more vigorously in the Middle Ages. It was mostly achieved by farmers reclaiming marshland and building protective embankments, and frontagers pushing out into the stream to get more riverfront property. Currently, ove…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Camulodunum ( KAM-(y)uu-loh-DEW-nəm; Latin: camvlodvnvm), the Ancient Roman name for what is now Colchester in Essex, was an important castrum and city in Roman Britain, and the first capital of the province. A temporary "strapline" in the 1960s identifying it as the "oldest recorded town in Britain" has become popular with residents and is still used on heritage roadsigns on trunk road approaches. Originally the site of the Brythonic-Celtic oppidum of Camulodunon (meaning "stronghold of Camulos"), capital of the Trinovantes and later the Catuvellauni tribes, it was first mentioned by name on coinage minted by the chieftain Tasciovanus some time between 20 and 10 BC. The Roman town began li…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

In modern historiography, ancient Rome is the Roman civilisation from the founding of the Italian city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD. It encompasses the Roman Kingdom (753–509 BC), the Roman Republic (509‍–‍27 BC), and the Roman Empire (27 BC – 476 AD) until the fall of the western empire. Ancient Rome began as an Italic settlement, traditionally dated to 753 BC, beside the River Tiber in the Italian Peninsula. The settlement grew into the city and polity of Rome, and came to control its neighbours through a combination of treaties and military strength. It eventually controlled the whole Italian Peninsula, assimilating the G…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The Iceni ( eye-SEEN-eye, Classical Latin: [ɪˈkeːniː]) or Eceni were an ancient tribe of eastern Britain during the Iron Age and early Roman era. Their territory included present-day Norfolk and parts of Cambridgeshire, Lincolnshire, and Suffolk; it bordered the area of the Corieltauvi to the west, and the Catuvellauni and Trinovantes to the south. In the Roman period, their capital was Venta Icenorum at modern-day Caistor St Edmund. Julius Caesar does not mention the Iceni in his account of his invasions of Britain in 55 and 54 BC, though they may be related to the Cenimagni, whom Caesar notes as living north of the River Thames at that time. The Iceni were a significant power in eastern B…