konserwowanie: Confirmation bias

Evidence: 37 • authority: 80

Confirming and Disconfirming Evidence and Reasoning

Evidence: 37 • authority: 80

Government may give "range" of scenarios in pandemics rather than "worst case" predictions only

Evidence: 37 • authority: 72

Confirmation bias (also confirmatory bias, myside bias, or congeniality bias) is the tendency to search for, interpret, favor and recall information in a way that confirms or supports one's prior beliefs, values, or decisions. People display this bias when they select information that supports their views, ignoring contrary information or when they interpret ambiguous evidence as supporting their existing attitudes. The effect is strongest for desired outcomes, emotionally charged issues and deeply entrenched beliefs. Confirmation bias often comes from automatic mental habits. Studies repeatedly find that people tend to test ideas in a one sided way, mainly searching for evidence that suppo…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The Reid technique is a method of interrogation after investigation and behavior analysis. The system was developed in the United States by John E. Reid in the 1950s. Reid was a polygraph expert and former Chicago police officer. The technique is known for creating a high-pressure environment for the interviewee, followed by sympathy and offers of understanding and help, but only if a confession is forthcoming. Since its spread in the 1970s, it has been widely used by police departments in the United States. Proponents of the Reid technique say it is useful in extracting information from otherwise unwilling suspects. Critics say the technique results in an unacceptably high rate of false co…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

A miscarriage of justice occurs when an unfair outcome occurs in a criminal or civil proceeding. Examples of miscarriage of justice include conviction of an innocent person, error of impunity, sentencing disparity, and delayed justice. Innocent people have sometimes ended up in prison for years before their conviction has eventually been overturned. They may be exonerated if new evidence comes to light or it is determined that the police or prosecutor committed some kind of misconduct at the original trial. In some jurisdictions this leads to the payment of compensation. Academic studies have found that the main factors contributing to miscarriages of justice are: eyewitness misidentificati…

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A psychic detective is a person who purports to investigate crimes using paranormal psychic abilities. Claimed techniques and abilities have included postcognition (paranormal perception of the past), psychometry (information psychically gained from objects), telepathy, dowsing, clairvoyance, and remote viewing. In murder cases, psychic detectives may purport to be in communication with the spirits of the murder victims. Individuals claiming psychic abilities have stated they have helped police departments to solve crimes, however, there is a lack of police corroboration of their claims. Many police departments around the world have released official statements saying that they do not regar…

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Biased and Biasing: The Hidden Bias Cascade and Bias Snowball Effects.. Cognitive bias is widespread, hidden, and difficult to deal with. It impacts each and every aspect of the justice and legal systems, from the initial engagement of police officers attending the crime scene, through the forensic examination, and all the way to the final outcome of the jurors' verdict and the judges' sentencing. It impacts not only the subjective elements in the justice and legal systems but also the more objective scientific elements, such as forensic fingerprinting and DNA. The impact of bias on each of these elements has mainly been researched and considered in silo, neglecting the biasing interactions…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Police officers' perceptions of a training course designed to enhance open-ended questions with adult witnesses.. This study evaluated police officers' perceptions of a new training program aimed at improving interviewing skills for adult interviewees. Drawing from successful strategies used in interviewing child complainants of abuse, the program focused on enhancing the use of open-ended questions. The investigation aimed to identify effective aspects, limitations, the practicality of open-ended questions in real-world scenarios, and avenues for enhancing post-training interviewer performance. Through diverse qualitative data collection methods including email feedback, discussion boards,…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Exploring the quantity and type of evidence collected during criminal investigations in South Korea.. This article explores the patterns of 11 types of criminal evidence collected by a detective team in real-life 172 volume crime cases that occurred in South Korea. Electronic and paper case files were analyzed to examine the patterns of how much and which type of evidence was collected per case. The results show that, in general, the team collected almost four pieces of evidence per case, and notably, testimonial evidence (e.g., statements) was collected more often than physical evidence (e.g., video recordings, DNA, and fingerprints). Among the physical evidence types, video recording was…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Drug-Associated Vanishing Bile Duct Syndrome: Screening for Potential Pharmaceutical Triggers Using the WHO Pharmacovigilance Database.. Vanishing bile duct syndrome (VBDS) is a rare cholestatic liver disease often associated with drug-induced liver injury, yet systematic data on pharmaceutical triggers remain limited. Using WHO VigiBase, we applied Bayesian disproportionality analysis (IC 0.25 ) to identify drug-event associations that may not be readily apparent in clinical trials or pre-marketing studies. Product labels approved by Swissmedic or the FDA, as well as LiverTox, were reviewed to determine whether VBDS was already acknowledged as an adverse event. Signal detection was deliber…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

What happened and what proves you wrong? Combatting confirmation bias in police investigations through evidence reconstruction and falsification.. Confirmation bias in criminal investigations has repeatedly been linked to wrongful convictions. Drawing on principles from the Scenario Reconstruction Method, developed for and used in Dutch policing, this study tested whether shifting the investigative focus from identifying suspects to reconstructing scenarios based on available evidence could reduce confirmation bias. In addition, the design included a theoretically motivated manipulation encouraging falsification over verification. The result was a 2 (focus: suspect vs. evidence) × 2 (strate…