nauka: Muon

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

A muon ( M(Y)OO-on; from the Greek letter mu (μ) used to represent it) is an elementary particle similar to the electron, with an electric charge of −1 e and a spin of ⁠1/2⁠ ħ, but with a much greater mass. It is classified as a lepton. As with other leptons, the muon is not thought to be composed of any constituent particles. The muon is an unstable subatomic particle with a mean lifetime of 2.2 μs. Muon decay is slower than many other unstable particles because the decay is mediated by the weak interaction and because the mass difference between the muon and the set of its decay products is small, providing few kinetic degrees of freedom for decay. Muon decay always produces an electron (…

Evidence: 45 • authority: 72

The tau (τ, ), also called the tau lepton, tau particle or tauon, is an elementary particle similar to the electron, with negative electric charge and a spin of ⁠1/2⁠. Like the electron, the muon, and the three neutrinos, the tau is a lepton, and like all elementary particles with half-integer spin, the tau has a corresponding antiparticle of opposite charge but equal mass and spin. In the tau's case, this is the "antitau" (also called the positive tau). Tau particles are denoted by the symbol τ− and the antitaus by τ+. Tau leptons have a lifetime of 2.9×10−13 s and a mass of 1776.9 MeV/c2 (compared to 105.66 MeV/c2 for muons and 0.511 MeV/c2 for electrons). Because their interactions are v…

Evidence: 45 • authority: 72

In particle physics, a lepton is an elementary particle of half-integer spin (spin ⁠1/2⁠) that does not undergo strong interactions. Two main classes of leptons exist: charged leptons (also known as the electron-like leptons or muons), including the electron, muon, and tauon, and neutral leptons, better known as neutrinos. Charged leptons can combine with other particles to form various composite particles such as atoms and positronium, while neutrinos rarely interact with anything, and are consequently rarely observed. The best known of all leptons is the electron. There are six types of leptons, known as flavours, grouped in three generations. The first-generation leptons, also called ele…

Evidence: 36 • authority: 92

Discrete Vacuum Geometry Predicts the Hierarchical Mass Spectrum of Standard Model Fermions. The broad hierarchy of fermion masses in the Standard Model, spanning six orders of magnitude, is conventionally attributed to ad hoc Yukawa couplings. This work explores a possible geometric interpretation arising from a discrete $\mathbb{Z}_3$-graded vacuum structure, derived from a finite-dimensional (19D: $12+4+3$) Lie superalgebra with exact triality symmetry. Within this framework, the vacuum is organized into a two-layer lattice: a finite \textbf{Core Lattice} (44 vectors) that yields gauge unification with $\sin^2 \theta_W = 0.25$, and an infinite \textbf{Extended Lattice} ($\mathbb{Z}^3$) t…

Evidence: 27 • authority: 92

Advantages of Non-Associative Sedenionic QED Without UV-Divergence and Renormalization: Predictions of Lepton Mass and Magnetic Moment Anomaly. We propose a non-associative reformulation of quantum electrodynamics (QED) based on octonionic and sedenionic hypercomplex algebras, replacing the conventional associative Clifford algebra and Dirac gamma matrices. In this framework, the associator — a quantity that vanishes in standard QED — becomes physically active, inducing Yukawa-type screening and regulating self-energy divergences. This removes the need for renormalization and resolves the vacuum catastrophe. Lepton masses arise algebraically from associator norms without invoking the Higgs…

Evidence: 27 • authority: 88

Search for lepton-flavor-violating decays of the tau lepton at a future muon collider. Tau leptons can have lepton-flavor-violating (LFV) couplings to a muon or an electron and an Axion-Like Particle (ALP). ALPs are pseudo Nambu-Goldstone bosons associated with spontaneously broken global U(1) symmetries. LFV ALPs have been of a great interest in the last several decades as they can address some of the SM long-lasting problems. Assuming a future muon collider proposed by the Muon Accelerator Program (MAP), we search for LFV decays \tau→\ell a τ → ℓ a ( \ell=e,\mu ℓ = e , μ ) of one of the tau leptons produced in the muon-anti muon annihilation. The ALP mass is assumed to be in the range 100…

Evidence: 27 • authority: 92

Spectral Origin of Leptonic Mass Generations in the Dynamical Fourier Field Framework. Abstract We present a derivation of the charged lepton mass hierarchy — electron, muon, and tau — within the Dynamical Fourier Field (DFF) framework. By shifting the physical ontology from a pre-existing spacetime background to a fundamental 4-dimensional spectral manifold K, we demonstrate that leptons emerge not as point-particles with arbitrary Yukawa couplings, but as discrete, stable coherence knots (topological solitons) within the spectral field Φ(k, s). Using a variational approach, we derive the spectral stability eigenvalue problem and identify the leptonic generations as discrete eigenmodes Φ0,…