sredniowiecze: Roman numerals

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Roman currency for most of Roman history consisted of gold, silver, bronze, orichalcum (brass), and copper coinage. From its introduction during the Republic, in the third century BC, through Imperial times, Roman currency saw many changes in form, denomination, and composition. A feature was the inflationary debasement and replacement of coins over the centuries. Notable examples of this followed the reforms of Diocletian. This trend continued with Byzantine currency. Due to the economic power and longevity of the Roman state, Roman currency was widely used throughout western Eurasia and northern Africa from classical times into the Middle Ages. It served as a model for the currencies of t…

Evidence: 47 • authority: 72

Religion in ancient Rome was polytheistic, consisted of varying imperial and provincial religious practices, which were followed both by the Roman people as well as those who were brought under its rule. The Romans thought of themselves as highly religious, and attributed their success as a world power to their collective piety (pietas) in maintaining good relations with the gods. Their polytheistic religion is known for having honoured many deities. The presence of Greeks on the Italian Peninsula from the beginning of the historical period influenced Roman culture, introducing some religious practices that became fundamental, such as the cultus of Apollo. The Romans looked for common groun…

Evidence: 42 • authority: 72

In ancient Rome, freeborn women were citizens (cives), but could not vote or hold political office. Because of their limited public role, women are named less frequently than men by Roman historians. But while Roman women held no direct political power, those from wealthy or powerful families could and did exert influence through private negotiations. Exceptional women who left an undeniable mark on history include Lucretia and Quinta Claudia, whose stories took on mythic significance; fierce Republican-era women such as Cornelia, mother of the Gracchi, and Fulvia, who commanded an army and issued coins bearing her image; women of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, most prominently Livia (58 BC –…

Evidence: 42 • authority: 72

Ancient Rome played a pivotal role in the history of wine. Influences on the viticulture of the Italian Peninsula can be traced to ancient Greeks, Phoenicians and the Etruscans. The rise of the Roman Empire saw both technological advances in and burgeoning awareness of winemaking, which spread to all parts of the empire. Rome's influence has had a profound effect on the histories of today's major winemaking regions in France, Germany, Italy, Portugal and Spain. New scientific techniques are adding even more detail to knowledge of Roman wine production, including the taste and sensory profiles of ancient Roman wine. The Roman belief that wine was a daily necessity made the drink "democratic"…

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The Late Roman Family and Transition to the Middle Ages

Evidence: 42 • authority: 80

Chapter 5. Our Last Hope? Entangling Europe and Christianity in the Late Middle Ages

Evidence: 42 • authority: 80

Our Last Hope? Entangling Europe and Christianity in the Late Middle Ages