pogoda: Precipitation

Evidence: 41 • authority: 88

The multi-scale structure of atmospheric energetic constraints on globally averaged precipitation. This study presents a multi-scale analysis of cross-correlations based on Haar fluctuations of globally averaged anomalies of precipitation ( P ), precipitable water vapor (PWV), surface temperature ( T ), and atmospheric radiative fluxes. The results revealed an emergent transition between weak correlations at sub-yearly timescales (down to ∼5 days) to strong correlations at timescales larger than about ∼1–2 years (up to ∼1 decade). At multiyear timescales, (i) Clausius–Clapeyron becomes the dominant control of PWV (ρPWV,T≈0.9), (ii) surface temperature averaged over global land and over glob…

Evidence: 34 • authority: 88

Accuracy of determination of annual precipitation over a given area. The limits within which the total precipitation as measured by a single gage represents the total precipitation over the surrounding area is a subject of great interest to hydrologists and meteorologists. The lack of adequate data from large areas has made detailed analytical studies impossible. The precipitation‐gage network established during the period from 1935 to 1940 in the Muskingum River Watershed in Ohio by the U.S. Soil Conservation Service provides data for limited studies for a 8038‐sq mi area. Records from 230 gages for a full year beginning October 1, 1939; are available. The data from these stations have bee…

Evidence: 27 • authority: 80

Diurnal to Annual Precipitation Sensitivity to Convective and Land Surface Schemes

Evidence: 27 • authority: 72

In meteorology, precipitation is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapor that falls from clouds due to gravitational pull. The main forms of precipitation include drizzle, rain, rain and snow mixed ("sleet" in Commonwealth usage), snow, ice pellets, graupel and hail. Precipitation occurs when cloud particles become heavy enough that atmospheric motions are insufficient to keep them aloft, such that they "precipitate" or fall. Thus, fog and mist are not precipitation; their water vapor does not condense sufficiently to precipitate, so fog and mist do not fall. (Such a non-precipitating combination is a colloid.) Two processes, possibly acting together, can lead to air beco…

Evidence: 20 • authority: 80

Simple Models of Ensemble-Averaged Tropical Precipitation and Surface Wind, Given the Sea Surface Temperature

Evidence: 20 • authority: 80

Changes in Annual Land-Surface Precipitation Over the Twentieth and Early Twenty-First Century