komunikacja: Endianness

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

In computing, endianness is the order in which bytes within a word data type are transmitted over a data communication medium or addressed in computer memory, counting only byte significance. Endianness is primarily expressed as big-endian (BE) or little-endian (LE). Computers store information in various-sized groups of binary bits. Each group is assigned a number, called its address, that the computer uses to access that data. On most modern computers, the smallest data group with an address is eight bits long and is called a byte. Larger groups comprise two or more bytes; for example, a word often contains 32 bits or 64 bits. There are two principal ways a computer could number the indiv…

Evidence: 47 • authority: 72

In computing, bit numbering is the convention used to identify the bit positions in a binary number. The bits can be those in a memory byte or word, or those of an internal CPU register or data bus.

Evidence: 47 • authority: 72

Data structure alignment is the way data is arranged and accessed in computer memory. It consists of three separate but related issues: data alignment, data structure padding, and packing. The CPU in modern computer hardware performs reads and writes to memory most efficiently when the data is naturally aligned, which generally means that the data's memory address is a multiple of the data size. For instance, in a 32-bit architecture, the data may be aligned if the data is stored in four consecutive bytes and the first byte lies on a 4-byte boundary. Data alignment is the aligning of elements according to their natural alignment. To ensure natural alignment, it may be necessary to insert so…

Evidence: 47 • authority: 72

The byte is a unit of digital information that commonly consists of eight bits. Historically, the byte was the number of bits used to encode a single character of text in a computer and for this reason it is the smallest addressable unit of memory in many computer architectures. To disambiguate arbitrarily sized bytes from the common 8-bit definition, network protocol documents such as the Internet Protocol (RFC 791) refer to an 8-bit byte as an octet. Those bits in an octet are usually counted with numbering from 0 to 7 or 7 to 0 depending on the bit endianness. The size of the byte has historically been hardware-dependent and no definitive standards existed that mandated the size. Sizes f…

Evidence: 41 • authority: 92

Enhancing Syslog Message Security and Reliability over Unidirectional Fiber Optics.. Standard log transmission protocols do not offer a robust way of segregating the log network from potential threats. A secure log transmission system and the realization of a data diode using affordable components are proposed. Unidirectional data flow prevents unauthorized access and eavesdropping, ensuring the integrity and confidentiality of sensitive log data. The system uses an encryption protocol that requires that the upstream and the downstream of the data diode are perfectly synchronized, mitigating replay attacks. It has been shown that message amplification can mitigate UDP packet loss, but this…

Evidence: 35 • authority: 80

Byte access method for wide data bus memory based on FPGA

Evidence: 35 • authority: 92

Pulmonary Disease Classification Using Globally Correlated Maximum Likelihood: an Auxiliary Attention mechanism for Convolutional Neural Networks. Convolutional neural networks (CNN) are now being widely used for classifying and detecting pulmonary abnormalities in chest radiographs. Two complementary generalization properties of CNNs, translation invariance and equivariance, are particularly useful in detecting manifested abnormalities associated with pulmonary disease, regardless of their spatial locations within the image. However, these properties also come with the loss of exact spatial information and global relative positions of abnormalities detected in local regions. Global relativ…

Evidence: 35 • authority: 72

A universally unique identifier (UUID) is a 128-bit number used to identify information in computer systems. The term globally unique identifier (GUID) is also used, typically in software created by Microsoft. When generated according to the standards, UUIDs are, for practical purposes, unique. Their uniqueness does not depend on a central registration authority or coordination between the parties generating them, unlike most other numbering schemes. While the probability that a UUID will be duplicated is not zero, it is close enough to zero to be negligible. Thus, anyone can create large numbers of UUIDs and use them as identifiers with near certainty that they do not duplicate UUIDs that…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

In computer science, a pointer is an object in many programming languages that stores a memory address. This can be that of another value located in computer memory, or in some cases, that of memory-mapped computer hardware. A pointer references a location in memory, and obtaining the value stored at that location is known as dereferencing the pointer. As an analogy, a page number in a book's index could be considered a pointer to the corresponding page; dereferencing such a pointer would be done by flipping to the page with the given page number and reading the text found on that page. The actual format and content of a pointer variable is dependent on the underlying computer architecture.…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The byte order mark (BOM) is a particular usage of the special Unicode character code, U+FEFF ZERO WIDTH NO-BREAK SPACE, whose appearance as a magic number at the start of a text stream can signal several things to a program reading the text: the byte order, or endianness, of the text stream in the cases of 16-bit and 32-bit encodings; the fact that the text stream's encoding is Unicode, to a high level of confidence; which Unicode character encoding is used. BOM use is optional. Its presence interferes with the use of UTF-8 by software that does not expect non-ASCII bytes at the start of a file but that could otherwise handle the text stream. Unicode can be encoded in units of 8-bit, 16-bi…

Evidence: — • authority: 88

Combinadic Compression: An Order-0 Enumerative Byte-Stream Codec with Size-Preserving Encryption. Order-0 enumerative coding represents a fixed-length block not as a self-delimiting bitstream but as a short tuple of integer fields over known finite ranges: each value’s positions form a bitset, reduced to its colexicographic rank, leaving per-symbol counts and ranks. We study this representation, not a particular codec: one structural fact—finite-range integer fields—affords what a self-delimiting bitstream cannot. It is order-0-optimal, reaching the entropy bound up to an O(AlogN) per-block overhead; at matched block sizes it is the most compact block-resetting order-0 coder (Huffman, range…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

TD-DAQ: A low-cost data acquisition system monitoring the unsaturated pore pressure regime in tailings dams.. Tailings dams are large, often self-contained, storage facilities of mine residue. On self-contained tailings dams the tailings material itself is used to raise the containment embankments holding newly deposited residue. To develop the necessary strength, it is essential that material must dry out sufficiently. Despite substantial advancements in the field of instrumentation, these parameters are rarely measured on tailings dams and their evolution over time is poorly understood. Understanding the role of pore water suction and water content evolution over time can benefit from the…