wynalazki: Mahjong

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

Mahjong is a tile-based game for two to four players. Though regional variations may exclude certain tiles or add unique ones, it is typically played with a set of 144 tiles based on Chinese characters and symbols. Players hold one of four "wind" positions referred to as the East, South, West, and North. Once each player draws a hand of thirteen tiles, in clockwise order beginning with the "prevailing wind," each player draws a tile, then discards that tile or another from their hand. Players may call to use another player's discarded tile under certain conditions. The object of each round is to complete and score a legal hand using a drawn tile or another player's discarded tile to form fo…

Evidence: 66 • authority: 72

A triad is a Chinese transnational organised crime syndicate based in Greater China with outposts in various countries having significant overseas Chinese populations. The triads originated from secret societies formed in the 18th and 19th centuries, some influenced by white lotus societies of the 14th century, with the intent of overthrowing the minority Manchu-ruling Qing dynasty. In the Republican era of early 20th century, triads were enlisted by the Nationalist regime to attack political enemies, including assassinations. Following the foundation of the People's Republic of China and subsequent crackdowns by the Chinese Communist Party, triads and their operations retreated and relocat…

Evidence: 58 • authority: 80

Constitutional developments in China and Japan from the mid 19th century to the early 20th century

Evidence: 33 • authority: 80

Awakening latent human capital: Economic opening up and entrepreneurship in 19th century China

Evidence: 33 • authority: 80

What Remains: Coming to Terms with Civil War in 19th Century China by Tobie S. Meyer-Fong

Evidence: 33 • authority: 80

Determinants of interethnic marriage in Shuangcheng in 19th century China

Evidence: 32 • authority: 72

Playing cards (simplified Chinese: 纸牌; traditional Chinese: 紙牌; pinyin: zhǐpái) were most likely invented in China during the Southern Song dynasty (1127–1279). They were certainly in existence by the Mongol Yuan dynasty (1271-1368). Chinese use the word pái (牌), meaning "plaque", to refer to both playing cards and tiles. Many early sources are ambiguous, and do not specifically refer to paper pái (cards) or bone pái (tiles); but there is no difference in play between these, as either serves to hide one face from the other players with identical backs. Many western scholars, like William Henry Wilkinson, Stewart Culin, Thomas F. Carter, and Michael Dummett attribute to the Chinese the inven…