transport: Turkmenistan

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

Turkmenistan, formely known as Turkmenia, is a landlocked country in Central Asia, bordered by Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan to the north, Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the south and southwest, and the Caspian Sea to the west. It is one of six independent Turkic states. Ashgabat is the capital and largest city. With over 7 million people, Turkmenistan is the 35th most-populous country in Asia and has the lowest population of the Central Asian republics while being one of the most sparsely populated nations located on the Asian continent. Turkmenistan has long served as a thoroughfare for several empires and cultures. Merv is one of the oldest oasis-cities in Central Asia, and was once a…

Evidence: 52 • authority: 72

Mary Region (Turkmen: Mary welaýaty) is one of five provinces in Turkmenistan. It is located in the south-east of the country, bordering Afghanistan. Its capital is the city of Mary. Its area is 87,150 km2 (33,650 sq mi) and population 1,613,386 (2022 census). The average population density is about 15 persons per square kilometer, but it reaches 150–200 per square kilometer in the most developed oases. In 2000, Mary Region accounted for 23% of Turkmenistan's population, 19% of the total number of employed, 26% of agricultural production (by value), and 21% of the country's total industrial production. The region's industries include natural gas extraction (the Galkynysh Gas Field), electri…

Evidence: 52 • authority: 72

Central Asia is a region of Asia consisting of Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and most of Kazakhstan. The countries as a group are also colloquially referred to as the "-stans" as all have names ending with the Persian suffix "-stan" (meaning 'land') in both respective native languages and most other languages. The region is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the southwest, European Russia to the northwest, China and Mongolia to the east, Iran and Indian subcontinent to the south, and Siberia to the north. Together, the five Central Asian countries have a total population of around 76 million. In the pre-Islamic and early Islamic eras (c. 1000 and earlier), Central Asia was in…

Evidence: 52 • authority: 72

The history of Central Asia concerns the history of the various peoples that have inhabited Central Asia. The lifestyle of such people has been determined primarily by the area's climate and geography. The aridity of the region makes agriculture difficult and distance from the sea cut it off from much trade. Thus, few major cities developed in the region. Nomadic horse peoples of the steppe dominated the area for millennia. Relations between the steppe nomads and the settled people in and around Central Asia were marked by conflict. The nomadic lifestyle was well-suited to warfare, and the steppe horse riders became some of the most militarily potent people in the world, due to the devastat…

Evidence: 52 • authority: 72

Merv (Turkmen: Merw [ˈmeɾβ]; Persian: مرو [ˈmæɹv]), also called the Merve Oasis, was a major Iranian city in Central Asia, located on the historical Silk Road, near today's Mary, Turkmenistan. Human settlements on the site of Merv existed from the 3rd millennium BC until the 18th century AD. It changed hands repeatedly throughout history. Under the Achaemenid Empire, it was the center of the satrapy of Margiana. It was subsequently ruled by Hellenistic Kings, Parthians, Sasanians, Arabs (Rashidun, Umayyads and Abbasids), Ghaznavids, Seljuqs, Khwarazmians and Timurids, among others. Merv served as the capital of several polities throughout its history. In the beginning of the 9th century, Me…

Evidence: 43 • authority: 88

The Biggest Selling Campaign in History. From May 1, 1941, to January 3, 1946, the people of the United States loaned the government $185.7 billion, the most money ever raised to fight a war. What motivated eight out of every thirteen Americans to turn their hard cash into securities that took ten years to fully mature and, like all investments, carried some financial risk? What strategies and techniques did the Treasury use to sell bonds to the American people? How and why did bonds emerge as the central rallying point for the war on the home front? Answering such questions leads us to a better understanding of why World War II bonds can be viewed as the most successful consumer product ev…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The history of Iran (also known as Persia) is intertwined with Greater Iran, a region encompassing all areas that have witnessed significant settlement or influence by the Iranian peoples and Iranian languages — chiefly the Persians and the Persian language. Central to this region is the Iranian plateau, now covered by modern Iran. The most pronounced impact of Iranian history can be seen stretching from Anatolia in the west to the Indus Valley in the east, including the Levant, Mesopotamia, the Caucasus, and majority of Central Asia. It also stands in connection with the histories of other major civilizations, such as India, China, Greece, Rome, and Egypt. Iran is home to one of the world'…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

A lost city is an urban settlement that fell into terminal decline and became extensively or completely uninhabited, with the consequence that the site's former significance was no longer known to the wider world. The locations of many lost cities have been forgotten, but some have been rediscovered and studied extensively by scientists. Recently abandoned cities or cities whose location was never in question might be referred to as ruins or ghost towns. Smaller settlements may be referred to as abandoned villages. The search for such lost cities by European explorers and adventurers in Africa, the Americas, and Southeast Asia from the 15th century onward eventually contributed to the devel…

Evidence: — • authority: 80

Russian central Asia including Kuldja, Bokhara, Khiva and Merv

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Arboreal crops on the medieval Silk Road: Archaeobotanical studies at Tashbulak.. During the first millennium A.D., Central Asia was marked by broad networks of exchange and interaction, what many historians collectively refer to as the "Silk Road". Much of this contact relied on high-elevation mountain valleys, often linking towns and caravanserais through alpine territories. This cultural exchange is thought to have reached a peak in the late first millennium A.D., and these exchange networks fostered the spread of domesticated plants and animals across Eurasia. However, few systematic studies have investigated the cultivated plants that spread along the trans-Eurasian exchange during thi…