internet: Văcărești Prison

Evidence: 28 • authority: 72

Văcărești Prison (Romanian: Închisoarea Văcărești, also Penitenciarul Văcărești; known euphemistically as Mandravela) was a penal facility located in the eponymous quarter of southern Bucharest, Romania, and developed around Văcărești Monastery. It originally extended the latter's functions as a jail in the autonomous realm of Wallachia, emerging as a major processing center for political detainees after the Wallachian Revolution of 1848. In 1864, shortly after the Romanian Principality had been established, the monastery was confiscated by the state; it became a leading state prison in 1865. Though its regime was largely permissive and centered on penal reform for common criminals, Văcăreș…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed for nearly a millennium, from 1000 to 1946. The Catholic kingdom emerged as a continuation of the Grand Principality of Hungary upon the coronation of the first king Stephen I at Esztergom around 1000; his family (the Árpád dynasty) led the monarchy for 300 years. By the 12th century, the kingdom had become a European power. Due to the Ottoman occupation of the central and southern territories of Hungary in the 16th century, the country was partitioned into three parts: the Habsburg Royal Hungary, Ottoman Hungary, and the semi-independent Principality of Transylvania. The House of Habsburg held the Hungarian throne after t…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The German revolution of 1918–1919, also known as the November Revolution (German: Novemberrevolution), brought down the German Empire at the end of World War I and set the stage for the establishment of the Weimar Republic. The revolution was sparked by the hardships suffered by the German people during the war, the economic and psychological impacts of the Empire's defeat, and the social tensions between the general populace and the aristocratic, military and bourgeois elite. It quickly and almost bloodlessly brought down the Empire by 9 November 1918, then in its second and more violent stage, the supporters of a parliamentary republic defeated those who wanted to create a soviet-style c…