codzienność: Saint Nicholas

Evidence: 45 • authority: 72

In the history of Christianity, the first seven ecumenical councils are as follows: the First Council of Nicaea in 325, the First Council of Constantinople in 381, the Council of Ephesus in 431, the Council of Chalcedon in 451, the Second Council of Constantinople in 553, the Third Council of Constantinople from 680 to 681 and finally, the Second Council of Nicaea in 787. These seven events represented an attempt by Church leaders to reach an orthodox consensus, restore peace and develop a unified Christendom. Among Eastern Christians the Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, and Church of the East (Assyrian) churches and among Western Christians the Roman Catholic, Anglican, Utrecht and Pol…

Evidence: 45 • authority: 72

The First Council of Nicaea was a council of Christian bishops convened in the Bithynian city of Nicaea (now İznik, Turkey) by the Roman Emperor Constantine I, also known as the First Ecumenical Council. It met from May until the end of July 325. This ecumenical council was the first of many efforts to attain consensus in the church through an assembly representing all Christendom. Hosius of Corduba may have presided over its deliberations. Attended by at least 200 bishops, its main accomplishments were the settlement of the Christological issue of the divine nature of God the Son and his relationship to God the Father, the construction of the first part of the Nicene Creed, the mandating o…

Evidence: 38 • authority: 80

Ctirad Václav Pospíšil: První nikajský koncil (325–2025) [The First Council of Nicaea (325–2025)] Praha: KathMedia, 2025, pp. 123. Book review

Evidence: 38 • authority: 80

The First Ecumenical Council of Nicaea (325)

Evidence: 34 • authority: 72

Arius (; Koine Greek: Ἄρειος, romanized: Áreios; 250 or 256 – 336) was a Cyrenaic presbyter and ascetic. He was not the founder of Arianism. The opposing sides in the controversy between Arianism and Trinitarianism were already well established before the dispute between Arius and Alexander. Arius's dispute with his bishop initiated the controversy, but the conflict between the two sides were inevitable. Arianism holds that Jesus Christ was not coeternal with God the Father, but was rather created directly by God the Father before anything else as the true Firstborn. Arian theology and its doctrine regarding the nature of the Godhead showed a belief in radical subordinationism, a view notab…

Evidence: 20 • authority: 72

Saint Nicholas of Myra (traditionally 15 March 270 – 6 December 343), also known as Nicholas of Bari, was an early Christian bishop of Greek descent from the maritime city of Patara in Anatolia (in modern-day Antalya Province, Turkey) during the time of the Roman Empire. Because of the many miracles attributed to his intercession, he is also known as Nicholas the Wonderworker. Saint Nicholas is the patron saint of sailors, merchants, archers, repentant thieves, children, brewers, pawnbrokers, toymakers, unmarried people, and students in various cities and countries around Europe. His reputation evolved among the pious, as was common for early Christian saints, and his legendary habit of sec…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The Second Council of Constantinople is the fifth of the first seven ecumenical councils recognized by both the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church. It is also recognized by the Old Catholics and others. Protestant opinions and recognition of it are varied. Some Protestants, such as Calvinists, recognize the first four councils, whereas Lutherans and most Anglo-Catholics accept all seven. Constantinople II was convoked by the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I under the presidency of Patriarch Eutychius of Constantinople. It was held from 5 May to 2 June 553. Participants were overwhelmingly Eastern bishops—only sixteen Western bishops were present, including nine from Illyricum and…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The Nicene Creed is the defining statement of belief of Nicene Christianity and in those Christian denominations that adhere to it. The original Nicene Creed was first adopted at the First Council of Nicaea in 325. According to the traditional view, forwarded by the Council of Chalcedon of 451, the Creed was amended in 381 by the First Council of Constantinople as "consonant to the holy and great Synod of Nice". Further, a creed "almost identical in form" was used as early as 374 by St. Epiphanius of Salamis. The amended form is presently referred to as the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed. Creedal scholar J.N.D. Kelly suggests that since the First Council of Constantinople was not considere…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Arianism (Koine Greek: Ἀρειανισμός, romanized: Areianismós) has traditionally been seen as a Christological doctrine, first formulated by Arius, that rejects the notion of the Trinity, teaching that Jesus was created by God. However, modern scholarship has increasingly argued that the term should instead be applied to a wide range of heterodox theological doctrines. It is named after its proponent Arius (250 or 256 – 336 AD) and is regarded as heretical by most modern mainstream branches of Christianity. Arianism is held by a minority of modern denominations, although some of these groups espouse related doctrines such as Socinianism, and others avoid the term "Arian" because of its histori…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The First Council of Orléans was a synod convoked by Clovis I, King of the Franks, in 511. Clovis called for this synod four years after his victory over the Visigoths under Alaric II at the Battle of Vouillé in 507. The council was attended by thirty-two bishops, including four metropolitans, from across Gaul, and together they passed thirty-one decrees. The bishops met at Orléans to reform the church and build a strong relationship between the crown and the Catholic episcopate, the majority of the canons reflecting a compromise between these two institutions. The 511 Council of Orléans was the first national Merovingian church council. It was an important milestone in creating a unified G…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The surviving lists of the attendees and signatories of the First Council of Nicaea are in various languages and from different periods, containing various numbers of the bishops that attended the council. The Latin versions of fragments and complete lists are dated to 6–12th centuries, the Greek version to the 13th century, the Coptic version to the 11th century, the Syriac version dated to the beginning of 6th century and the Arabic version dated to 1398 but is much older. The Armenian versions are dated to the 16–17th centuries but originate from a single archetypal codex written at the beginning of the 11th century. The list was organized from various sources and published in 1939 as Th…