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The Rise of a Sustainable Public Debt in the 18th-Century Habsburg Monarchy. The ability to borrow on a sustainable basis was an essential element of a successful fiscal-military state. Historians have shown greater interest in direct taxation as a source of revenue, though they have drawn attention to the role played by the Vienna City Bank and external borrowing in the rise of a medium- and long-term public debt in the 18th-century Habsburg Monarchy. This chapter factors two further, crucial elements into the story. First, the central government increasingly tapped into the credit facilities of the provincial Estates in the Austrian and Bohemian lands, in effect deriving a critical advant…
Otwórz źródło ↗Evidence: 29 • authority: 72
The Royal Site of San Lorenzo de El Escorial (Spanish: Monasterio y Sitio de El Escorial en Madrid), also called Monasterio de El Escorial (Spanish pronunciation: [el eskoˈɾjal]) or simply El Escorial, is a historical residence of the king of Spain located in the town of San Lorenzo de El Escorial, 2.06 kilometres (1.28 mi) up the valley (4.1 km [2.5 mi] road distance) from the town of El Escorial and about 45 kilometres (28 mi) northwest of the Spanish capital Madrid. Built between 1563 and 1584 by order of King Philip II (who reigned 1556–1598), El Escorial is the largest Renaissance building in the world. It is one of the Spanish royal sites and functions as a monastery, basilica, royal…
Otwórz źródło ↗Evidence: 21 • authority: 80
150 years of Dermatology in the Municipal Hospital Dresden-Friedrichstadt
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