fizyka: Lithium

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

Lithium (from Ancient Greek: λίθος, líthos, 'stone') is a chemical element; it has symbol Li and atomic number 3. It is a soft, silvery-white alkali metal. Under standard conditions, it is the least dense metal and the least dense solid element due to its low atomic mass and large atomic radius. Like all alkali metals, lithium is highly reactive and flammable, and must be stored in vacuum, inert atmosphere, or inert liquid such as purified kerosene or mineral oil. It exhibits a metallic luster when pure, but quickly corrodes in air to a dull silvery gray, then black tarnish. It does not occur freely in nature, but occurs mainly as pegmatitic minerals, which were once the main source of lith…

Evidence: 38 • authority: 88

Neutronic Study on Conceptual Lithium Fluoride Salt Cooled Fusion Driven System for Actinide Transmutation. Abstract The subcritical fission system could be used to transmute actinide elements from spent fuel into thermal power. Since the subcritical system needs an external neutron source, the D-T Fusion reactor was introduced as a fast neutron source to drive the chain reaction. Fusion driven system based on Spherical tokamak with a 1.7 m major radius has been designed. The breeding blanket has been modified to accommodate space for a 4.8 m length oxide fuel rod. Oxide fuel rods were immersed inside the lithium fluoride salt blanket, which acts as a coolant and liquid tritium breeder. The…

Evidence: 31 • authority: 88

Rock-salt structure lithium deuteride formation in liquid lithium with high-concentrations of deuterium: a first-principles molecular dynamics study. Abstract Because of lithium’s possible use as a first wall material in a fusion reactor, a fundamental understanding of the interactions between liquid lithium (Li) and deuterium (D) is important. We predict structural and dynamical properties of liquid Li samples with high concentrations of D, as derived from first-principles molecular dynamics simulations. Liquid Li samples with four concentrations of inserted D atoms (LiD , , 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00) are studied at temperatures ranging from 470 to 1143 K. Densities, diffusivities, pair distrib…

Evidence: 31 • authority: 72

A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either nuclear fission (fission or atomic bomb) or a combination of fission and nuclear fusion reactions (thermonuclear weapon), producing a nuclear explosion. Both bomb types release large quantities of energy from relatively small amounts of matter. Nuclear warfare is widely considered a global catastrophic risk. Nine sovereign states are known or believed to possess nuclear weapons as of 2026: the United States, Russia, the United Kingdom, France, China, India, Pakistan, North Korea and Israel. The majority of nuclear weapons have energy yields between 100 and 1,000 kilotons of TNT. Yields…

Evidence: 31 • authority: 72

Nuclear fusion is a reaction in which two or more atomic nuclei combine to form a larger nucleus. The difference in mass between the reactants and products is manifested as either the release or the absorption of energy. This difference in mass arises as a result of the difference in nuclear binding energy between the atomic nuclei before and after the fusion reaction. Active stellar cores are powered by fusion. Nucleosynthesis via fusion, in the Big Bang and in stars, creates all elements lighter than nickel (atomic number 28). Fusion typically occurs via thermonuclear fusion, an isotropic process requiring a triple product of very high temperature (in the kiloelectronvolt or hundred milli…