inżynieria: London Underground

While the system's nickname originates from its deep-level circular tunnels, only 45% of the network is underground, with the majority of the outer surface tracks located north of the River Thames.

The London Underground (also known simply as the Underground or as the Tube) is a rapid transit system serving Greater London and parts of the adjacent home counties of Buckinghamshire, Essex, and Hertfordshire in England. Managed by Transport for London (TfL), the network spans 11 lines and 250 miles (400 km) of track, serving 272 stations. While the system's nickname originates from its deep-level circular tunnels, only 45% of the network is underground, with the majority of the outer surface tracks located north of the River Thames. It is one of the busiest rapid transit networks in the world, accommodating over 1.2 billion passenger journeys annually in 2024–25. The network has its origins in the Metropolitan Railway, which opened on 10 January 1863 as the world's first underground passenger railway. Early sub-surface lines used the cut-and-cover construction method, later transitioning to deeper, circular "tube" tunnels, which pioneered the use of underground electric traction with the opening of the City and South London Railway in 1890 (now part of the Northern line). Originally owned and operated by competing private companies, these distinct routes were unified under the "Underground" brand in the early 20th century and publicly consolidated in 1933 to form London Transport. The network expanded with post-war additions like the Victoria and Jubilee lines, before manag…

Kategoria: inżynieria

Rodzina: historia

Jakość źródła: 65/100

Próby weryfikacji: 3

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