ciało-człowieka: Lamprey

Evidence: 83 • authority: 72

Lampreys (sometimes inaccurately called lamprey eels) are a group of jawless fish composing the order Petromyzontiformes , sole order in the class Petromyzontida. The adult lamprey is characterized by a toothed, funnel-like, sucking mouth. The common name "lamprey" is probably derived from Latin lampetra, which may mean "stone licker" (lambere "to lick" + petra "stone"), though the etymology is uncertain. "Lamprey" is sometimes seen for the plural form. About 38 extant species of lampreys are known, with around seven known extinct species. They are classified in three families—two small families in the Southern Hemisphere (Geotriidae, Mordaciidae) and one large family in the Northern Hemisp…

Evidence: 39 • authority: 72

A tooth (pl.: teeth) is a hard, calcified structure found in the jaws (or mouths) of many vertebrates and are used to break down food. Some animals, particularly carnivores and omnivores, also use teeth to help with capturing or wounding prey, tearing food, for defensive purposes, to intimidate other animals often including their own, or to carry prey or their young. The roots of teeth are covered by gums. Teeth are not made of bone, but rather of multiple tissues of varying density and hardness that originate from the outermost embryonic germ layer, the ectoderm. The general structure of teeth is similar across the vertebrates, although there is considerable variation in their form and pos…

Evidence: 39 • authority: 72

Hematophagy (sometimes spelled haematophagy or hematophagia) is the practice by certain animals of feeding on blood (from the Greek words αἷμα haima "blood" and φαγεῖν phagein "to eat"). Since blood is a fluid tissue rich in nutritious proteins and lipids that can be taken without great effort, hematophagy is a preferred form of feeding for many small animals, such as worms and arthropods. Some intestinal nematodes, such as Ancylostomatids, feed on blood extracted from the capillaries of the gut, and about 75 percent of all species of leeches (e.g., Hirudo medicinalis) are hematophagous. The spider Evarcha culicivora feeds indirectly on vertebrate blood by specializing on blood-filled femal…

Evidence: 29 • authority: 90

Eighteen of 41 lamprey species worldwide feed post metamorphosis; nine in either marine waters or fresh waters and nine exclusively in fresh waters. Four feeding modes have been identified: blood feeding, flesh feeding, blood and flesh feeding, and carrion feeding. Adaptations to these feeding modes are associated with characteristics of the dentition of the oral disc and tongue-like piston, the oral papillae and fimbriae, the velar tentacles, and the buccal glands. The duration of the adult feeding phase varies from a few months to 4 years and during this time the various species grow either slightly or up to nearly eight times the length that they reached as larvae. The post-metamorphic diet consists usually of fishes but in some cases may include marine mammals. Feeding behavior is complex and highly variable and differs between the two major modes of blood feeding and flesh feeding. Blood feeders tend to selectively attack larger hosts and tend to attach ventrally to them in deep water but dorsally in shallower habitats. Flesh feeders tend to attach dorso-laterally to schooling fishes, and their hosts may be relatively small compared to those used by blood feeders. Cochran PA (1994) Why lampreys and humans “compete” (and when they don’t): toward a theory of host species selection by parasitic lampreys. In: Stouder DJ, Fresh KL, Feller RJ (eds) Theory and application in fish feeding ecology. Belle W. Baruch Library in Marine Science, No 18, University of South Carolina Press, Columbia, SC, pp 329–345 Beamish FWH (1980a) Osmoregulation in juvenile and adult lampreys. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 37:1739–1750

Evidence: 24 • authority: 72

A bottom feeder is an aquatic animal that feeds on or near the bottom of a body of water. Biologists often use the terms benthos—particularly for invertebrates such as shellfish, crabs, crayfish, sea anemones, starfish, snails, bristleworms and sea cucumbers—and benthivore or benthivorous, for fish and invertebrates that feed on material from the bottom. However the term benthos includes all aquatic life that lives on or near the bottom, which means it also includes non-animals, such as plants and algae. Biologists also use specific terms that refer to bottom feeding fish, such as demersal fish, groundfish, benthic fish and benthopelagic fish. Examples of bottom feeding fish species groups…

Evidence: 24 • authority: 72

Salmon (; pl.: salmon) are any of several commercially important species of ray-finned fish that can live in either freshwater or saltwater from the genera Salmo and Oncorhynchus of the family Salmonidae, native to tributaries of the North Atlantic (Salmo) and North Pacific (Oncorhynchus) basins. Salmon is a colloquial or common name used for fish in this group, but is not a scientific name. Other closely related fish in the same family include trout, char, grayling, whitefish, lenok and taimen, all coldwater fish of the subarctic and cooler temperate regions with some sporadic endorheic populations in Central Asia. Salmon are typically anadromous: they hatch in the shallow gravel beds of f…

Evidence: 24 • authority: 92

Beyond Mice and Men: Alternative Vertebrate and Invertebrate Models in Cancer Biology.. While cancer looms large in the public and scientific minds, this can result in a quite narrow view of its range and manifestations. The centering of human clinical investigations and the popularity of mouse models leave many unaware of fascinating findings about cancer in other species. Comparative oncology shows that cancer can be found not just in mammals but widely across the tree of animals, a realization that broadens views of the disease in fundamentally important ways. Examples include protective mechanisms of cancer-resistant species, transmissible cancers, and questions about whether cancer ris…

Evidence: 0 • authority: 90

Evidence: 0 • authority: 94