rekordowe-miejsca: Interplanetary spaceflight

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

Interplanetary spaceflight or interplanetary travel is spaceflight (crewed or uncrewed) between planets within a single planetary system. Spaceflights become interplanetary by accelerating spacecraft beyond orbital speed, reaching escape velocity relative to Earth at 11.2 km/s, entering heliocentric orbit, possibly accelerating further, often by performing gravity assist flybys at Earth and other planets. Most of today's spaceflight remains Earth bound, with much less being interplanetary, all of which performed by uncrewed spacecraft, and only just a few spaceflights having accelerated beyond, to system escape velocity, eventually performing interstellar spaceflight. Uncrewed space probes…

Evidence: 57 • authority: 72

Spaceflight (also space flight) is an application of astronautics to fly objects, usually spacecraft, into or through outer space, either with or without humans on board. Most spaceflight is uncrewed and conducted mainly with spacecraft such as satellites in orbit around Earth, but also includes space probes for flights beyond Earth orbit. Such spaceflights operate either by telerobotic or autonomous control. The first spaceflights began in the 1950s with the launches of the Soviet Sputnik satellites and American Explorer and Vanguard missions. Human spaceflight programs include the Soyuz, Shenzhou, the past Apollo Moon landing and the Space Shuttle programs. Other current spaceflight are c…

Evidence: 47 • authority: 72

Space travel, or space flight (less often, starfaring or star voyaging) is a science fiction theme that has captivated the public and is almost archetypal for science fiction. Space travel, interplanetary or interstellar, is usually performed in space ships, and spacecraft propulsion in various works ranges from the scientifically plausible to the totally fictitious. While some writers focus on realistic, scientific, and educational aspects of space travel, other writers see this concept as a metaphor for freedom, including "free[ing] mankind from the prison of the solar system". Though the science fiction rocket has been described as a 20th-century icon, according to The Encyclopedia of Sc…

Evidence: 42 • authority: 88

Project Icarus: A Review of the Project, Spacecraft Concepts and Design Process. The 1970s British Interplanetary Society Daedalus study aimed to show that interstellar travel was feasible. It produced the famous Daedalus (‘ICF’) fusion powered 2-stage probe, still arguably one of the most complete designs for such an endeavour. In 2009 the BIS members, in collaboration with colleagues from the US, planned to ‘re-do’ Daedalus taking in to account some 30 years of fusion research to design a new, credible Icarus interstellar probe – a son of Daedalus. Stretching far beyond its original 5-year plan, in this paper we review the complete Project Icarus, the design process, and the subsequent co…

Evidence: 42 • authority: 72

This article lists verifiable spaceflight-related accidents and incidents resulting in human death or serious injury. These include incidents during flight or training for crewed space missions and testing, assembly, preparation, or flight of crewed and robotic spacecraft. Not included are accidents or incidents associated with intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) tests, death or injury to test animals, uncrewed space flights, rocket-powered aircraft projects of World War II, or conspiracy theories about alleged unreported Soviet space accidents. As of April 2026, 19 people have died during spaceflights that crossed or were intended to cross the boundary of space as defined by the Unit…

Evidence: 38 • authority: 72

The New Space Race or Second Space Race describes the renewed competition in space exploration and technological development in the 21st century, primarily between the space programs of China and the United States, as well as other nations, and private spaceflight. This modern race is characterized by a broad range of objectives, including large satellite constellations, advancements in reusable launch vehicles and spacecraft, a return to crewed Moon landings, establishing a permanent moonbase, and crewed missions to Mars. The Space Race was part of the Cold War, a rivalry between the US and the Soviet Union, and saw the realization of satellites, crewed Moon landings, space stations, and i…

Evidence: 38 • authority: 92

AstRoMap European Astrobiology Roadmap.. The European AstRoMap project (supported by the European Commission Seventh Framework Programme) surveyed the state of the art of astrobiology in Europe and beyond and produced the first European roadmap for astrobiology research. In the context of this roadmap, astrobiology is understood as the study of the origin, evolution, and distribution of life in the context of cosmic evolution; this includes habitability in the Solar System and beyond. The AstRoMap Roadmap identifies five research topics, specifies several key scientific objectives for each topic, and suggests ways to achieve all the objectives. The five AstRoMap Research Topics are • Resear…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Several space probes and the upper stages of their launch vehicles are leaving the Solar System, all of which were launched by NASA. The borders of the Solar System are usually defined by the Heliopause diameter at about 120 astronomical units (AU; one AU is roughly the average distance between Earth and the Sun: 150 million kilometers (93 million miles)). Three of the probes, Voyager 1, Voyager 2, and New Horizons, are still functioning and are regularly contacted by radio communication, while Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 are now derelict. In addition to these spacecraft, some upper stages and de-spin weights are leaving the Solar System, assuming they continue on their trajectories. These ob…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The Constellation program (abbreviated CxP) was a crewed spaceflight program developed by NASA, the space agency of the United States, from 2005 to 2009. The major goals of the program, in which no crewed missions flew before its cancellation, were "completion of the International Space Station" and a "return to the Moon no later than 2020" with a crewed flight to the planet Mars as the ultimate goal. The program's logo reflected the three stages of the program: the Earth (ISS), the Moon, and finally Mars—while the Mars goal also found expression in the name given to the program's booster rockets: Ares (the Greek equivalent of the Roman god Mars). The technological aims of the program inclu…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Uncrewed spacecraft or robotic spacecraft are spacecraft without people on board. Uncrewed spacecraft may have varying levels of autonomy from human input, such as remote control, or remote guidance. They may also be autonomous, in which they have a pre-programmed list of operations that will be executed unless otherwise instructed. A robotic spacecraft for scientific measurements is often called a space probe or space observatory. Many space missions are more suited to telerobotic rather than crewed operation, due to lower cost and risk factors. In addition, some planetary destinations such as Venus or the vicinity of Jupiter are too hostile for human survival, given current technology. Ou…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The Apollo program, also known as Project Apollo, was the United States human spaceflight program led by NASA, which landed the first humans on the Moon in 1969. The Apollo program was conceived in 1960 in the Dwight D. Eisenhower presidency during Project Mercury and executed after Project Gemini. The Apollo program was later dedicated to President John F. Kennedy's national goal, "before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth" in his address to the U.S. Congress on May 25, 1961. Kennedy's goal was accomplished on the Apollo 11 mission, when astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed their Apollo Lunar Module (LM) on July 20, 1969, and…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The International Space Station (ISS) is a space station in low Earth orbit (LEO). It is the product of the International Space Station program and is operated by five partner space agencies: NASA (United States), Roscosmos (Russia), ESA (Europe), JAXA (Japan), and CSA (Canada). It is the first space station built, maintained and crewed through international cooperation and the largest human spacecraft ever constructed. It is an orbital research station, where scientific experiments in microgravity are conducted and the space environment is studied. Since 2 November 2000, it has hosted the longest continuous human presence in space. Alongside China's Tiangong, it is one of two currently ope…