Niewiarygodna wytrzymałość budowli

Evidence: 20 • authority: 88

Rosjanie, Białorusini i Polacy kresowi w anegdocie historycznej, czyli z czego się śmiano ponad 100 lat temu. Artykuł przedstawia kilkanaście anegdot z końca XIX i początku XX w. powstałych na Ziemiach Zabranych I Rzeczypospolitej. Mówią one o Rosjanach, Białorusinach i Polakach. Oprócz nieodzownej w każdej anegdocie dozy humoru i dowcipu, różnią się one od siebie stosunkiem do narodu, którego dotyczą. W anegdotach odnoszących się do Rosjan, widać krytykę, ostrzejszą satyrę, nawet złośliwość – byli to przecież zaborcy. Białorusini byli od dawna częścią kresowego społeczeństwa, są więc traktowani z wyrozumiałością należną najmłodszemu członkowi rodziny. A Polacy, byli różni. Od dziwaków popr…

Evidence: — • authority: 80

The water supply of Roman Thessaloniki

Evidence: — • authority: 80

Urban water supply: aqueducts and more beyond the Roman period

Evidence: — • authority: 88

Ancient Roman Aqueducts Could Spill Climate Secrets. Thick layers of mineral deposits that coat the aqueducts could provide a vast pool of information about climate during the Roman Empire.

Evidence: — • authority: 72

A qanāt (Persian: قَنَات) or kārīz (کَارِیز) is a water supply system that was developed in ancient Iran for the purpose of transporting usable water to the surface from an aquifer or a well through an underground aqueduct. Originating approximately 3,000 years ago, its function is essentially the same in systems across Asia and North Africa, but it is known by a variety of regional names beyond modern Iran, including: kārēz in Afghanistan and Pakistan; foggāra in Algeria; khettāra in the Atlas Mountains; the daoudi-type falaj in Oman and the United Arab Emirates; and ʿuyūn in Saudi Arabia. In addition to those in Iran, the largest extant and functional qanats are located in Afghanistan, Xi…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The Pont du Gard is an ancient Roman aqueduct bridge built in the first century AD to carry water over 50 km (31 mi) to the Roman colony of Nemausus (Nîmes). It crosses the river Gardon near the town of Vers-Pont-du-Gard in southern France. The Pont du Gard is one of the best preserved Roman aqueduct bridges. It was added to UNESCO's list of World Heritage sites in 1985 because of its exceptional preservation, historical importance, and architectural ingenuity.

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The Romans constructed aqueducts throughout their Republic and later Empire, to bring water from outside sources into cities and towns. Aqueduct water supplied public baths, latrines, fountains, and private households; it also supported mining operations, milling, farms, and gardens. Aqueducts moved water through gravity alone, along a slight overall downward gradient within conduits of stone, brick, concrete or lead; the steeper the gradient, the faster the flow. Most conduits were buried beneath the ground and followed the contours of the terrain; obstructing peaks were circumvented or, less often, tunneled through. Where valleys or lowlands intervened, the conduit was carried on bridgewo…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

An aqueduct is a watercourse constructed to carry water from a source to a distribution point far away. In modern engineering, the term aqueduct is used for any system of pipes, ditches, canals, tunnels, and other structures used for this purpose. The term aqueduct also often refers specifically to a bridge carrying an artificial watercourse. Aqueducts were used in ancient Greece, the ancient Near East, ancient Rome (name gained from Latin: aquaeductus) and pre-Columbian Mexico and Peru. The simplest aqueducts are small ditches cut into the earth. Much larger channels may be used in modern aqueducts. Aqueducts sometimes run for some or all of their path through tunnels constructed undergrou…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Ancient Roman technology is the collection of techniques, skills, methods, processes, and engineering practices which supported Roman civilization and made possible the expansion of the economy and military of ancient Rome (753 BC – 476 AD). The Roman Empire was one of the most technologically advanced civilizations of antiquity, with some of the more advanced concepts and inventions forgotten during the turbulent eras of Late Antiquity and the early Middle Ages. Gradually, some of the technological feats of the Romans were rediscovered and/or improved upon during the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Modern Era; with some in areas such as civil engineering, construction materials, trans…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Slavery played an important role in the society and economy of ancient Rome. Unskilled or low-skill slaves labored in the fields, mines, and mills with few opportunities for advancement and little chance of freedom. Skilled and educated slaves—including artisans, chefs, domestic staff and personal attendants, entertainers, business managers, accountants and bankers, educators at all levels, secretaries and librarians, civil servants, and physicians—occupied a more privileged tier of servitude and could hope to obtain freedom through one of several well-defined paths with protections under the law. The possibility of manumission and subsequent citizenship was a distinguishing feature of Rome…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Sanitation in ancient Rome, acquired from the Etruscans, was very advanced compared to other ancient cities and provided water supply and sanitation services to residents of Rome. Although there were many sewers, public latrines, baths and other sanitation infrastructure, disease was still rampant. The baths are known to symbolise the "great hygiene of Rome".