jedzenie: History of Asmara

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

Asmara, the capital of Eritrea, first rose to prominence in medieval and post-medieval times. Though it had been long overshadowed by nearby Debarwa, the residence of the Bahr Negash or the governor of the coastal province, it still existed as a major settlement for over half a millennium and enjoyed some importance as it stood on the trade route to Massawa. During the 20th century it was a staging ground for Italian initiatives in East Africa, collateral of Britain's colonial politics, and the subject of the expansion of Ethiopia until 1993, when the sovereign state of Eritrea was established. Despite the passage of over seventy years, the city (apart from a large group of buildings of ava…

Evidence: 33 • authority: 88

Italian Colonial Architecture and City Planning in North and East Africa. Abstract Italian colonial architecture began with styles directly transplanted from Italy to Eritrea—Italy’s first African colonial territory—in the 1890s. By the late 1920s, when Italy also held Libya and Italian Somalia, it had already created a substantial set of buildings (cathedrals and banks, for instance) in any number of unmodified Italian styles ranging from the classical to the neo-medieval and neo-Renaissance. Moorish (or “Oriental”) effects were also abundant, in another transplant from Europe, where they were extremely popular. Following the rise of design innovations after World War I, though, at the end…

Evidence: 31 • authority: 88

Home, Colonial and Foreign: Europe, Empire and the History of Migration in 20th‐century Britain. Abstract This essay reviews the increasingly rich recent literature on 20th‐century transnational movements from empire and Europe to Britain and in the opposite directions, particularly on migration. It suggests that this work offers a way of thinking about British‐empire and British‐European relations – themes that have been comparatively neglected in 20th‐century social and cultural history, especially in the period of decolonisation. While much of the literature on migration treats empire and Europe separately, as well as immigration and emigration, the essay makes connections between them,…

Evidence: 22 • authority: 80

The Pioneer’s Feast: Colonial Menus in Italian East Africa

Evidence: 22 • authority: 80

Architecture and Town Planning in Italian East Africa During the Years of the Empire (1936–1941) Anna Nuzzaci

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The Eritrean–Ethiopian War, also known as the Badme War, was a major armed conflict between Ethiopia and Eritrea that took place from May 6, 1998 to June 18, 2000. After Eritrea gained independence from Ethiopia in 1993, relations were initially friendly. However, disagreements about where the newly created international border should be caused relations to deteriorate significantly, eventually leading to full-scale war. The conflict was the biggest war in the world at the time, with over 500,000 troops partaking in the fighting on both sides. Eritrea and Ethiopia both invested heavily in armaments prior to the war, and reportedly suffered between 70,000 and 300,000 deaths combined througho…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Eritrea is an ancient name and is located in the Horn of Africa, associated in the past with its Greek form Erythraia, Ἐρυθραία, and its derived Latin form Erythræa. This name relates to that of the Red Sea, then called the Erythræan Sea, from the Greek for "red", ἐρυθρός, erythros. But earlier Eritrea was called Mdre Bahri. The Italians created the colony of Eritrea in the 19th century around Asmara and named it with its current name. After World War II, Eritrea was annexed to Ethiopia. Following the communist Ethiopian government's defeat in 1991 by the coalition created by armed groups notably the EPLF, Eritrea declared its independence. Eritrea officially celebrated its 1st anniversary…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Italian Eritrea (Italian: Colonia Eritrea, "Colony of Eritrea") was a colony of the Kingdom of Italy in the territory of present-day Eritrea. The first Italian establishment in the area was the purchase of Assab by the Rubattino Shipping Company in 1869, which came under government control in 1882. Occupation of Massawa in 1885 and the subsequent expansion of territory would gradually engulf the region and in 1889 the Ethiopian Empire recognized the Italian possession in the Treaty of Wuchale. In 1890 the Colony of Eritrea was officially founded. In 1936 the region was integrated into Italian East Africa as the Eritrea Governorate. This would last until Italy's loss of the region in 1941, d…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The East African campaign (also known as the Abyssinian campaign) was a military campaign fought in East Africa during the Second World War by the Allies of World War II, mainly from the British Empire, against Italy and its colony of Italian East Africa, between June 1940 and November 1941. The British Middle East Command with troops from the United Kingdom, South Africa, British India, Uganda Protectorate, Kenya, Somaliland, West Africa, Northern and Southern Rhodesia, Sudan and Nyasaland participated in the campaign. These were joined by the Allied Force Publique of Belgian Congo, Imperial Ethiopian Arbegnoch (resistance forces) and a small unit of Free French Forces. Italian East Africa…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The Scramble for Africa was the invasion, conquest, and colonisation of most of Africa by seven Western European powers, which were driven by the Second Industrial Revolution during the late 19th and early 20th centuries through the era of "New Imperialism". Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Spain and the United Kingdom were the contending powers. The 1884–1885 Berlin Conference regulated European colonisation and trade in Africa, and is seen as emblematic of the "scramble". In the last quarter of the 19th century, there were considerable political rivalries between the European empires, which provided the impetus for the colonisation. The later years of the 19th century saw a tran…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Italian East Africa (Italian: Africa Orientale Italiana, A.O.I.) was a colonial administrative entity of the Kingdom of Italy in the Horn of Africa that existed from 1936 to 1941. It was proclaimed by Benito Mussolini on 1 June 1936, following the conquest and annexation of Ethiopia during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War. It encompassed Italian Somaliland, Italian Eritrea (both Italian possessions since 1880s) and the Ethiopian territories, all administered by a single administrative unit, the Governo Generale dell'Africa Orientale Italiana. The colony was divided into six governorates: Eritrea, Somalia, Harar, Galla-Sidamo, Amhara and Scioa. The new colonial administration sought to consoli…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Asmara ( əs-MAHR-ə), or Asmera, is the capital and most populous city of Eritrea, in the country's Central Region. It sits at an elevation of 2,325 metres (7,628 ft), making it the sixth-highest capital in the world by altitude and the second-highest capital in Africa. The city is located at the tip of an escarpment that is both the northwestern edge of the Eritrean Highlands and the Great Rift Valley in neighbouring Ethiopia. In 2017, the city was declared as a UNESCO World Heritage Site for its well-preserved Italian colonial modernist architecture. According to local traditions, the city was founded after four separate villages unified to live together peacefully after long periods of co…