wynalazki: Marcionism

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

Marcionism or Marcionite Christianity was an early Christian dualistic belief system originating with the teachings of Marcion of Sinope in Rome around 144 AD. Marcion was an early Christian theologian, evangelist, and an important figure in early Christianity. Marcion was born between about 85 and 100 and died around 160. He is reported to have been the son of a bishop of Sinope in Pontus, though nearly all biographical detail about him derives from hostile sources and from a "heretic legend" that later writers extrapolated from his works; Sinope itself first appears as his birthplace in late antique sources. About the middle of the 2nd century (140–155) he traveled to Rome. Irenaeus and o…

Evidence: 50 • authority: 72

Jude (alternatively Judas or Judah; Ancient Greek: Ἰούδας) was one of the "brothers" of Jesus according to the New Testament. He is sometimes identified with Jude the Apostle. Catholics hold that Jude was a cousin, but not literally the brother of Jesus, while the Eastern Orthodox hold that Jude is St. Joseph's son from a previous marriage (Jesus's step brother). Jude is traditionally identified as the author of the Epistle of Jude, a short epistle which is reckoned among the seven general epistles of the New Testament placed after Paul's epistles and before the Book of Revelation and considered canonical by Christians, although modern scholars tend to reject his authorship of the epistle.

Evidence: 50 • authority: 88

Paul. Often seen as the author of timeless Christian theology, Paul himself heatedly maintained that he lived and worked in history's closing hours. His letters propel his readers into two ancient worlds, one Jewish, one pagan. The first was incandescent with apocalyptic hopes, expecting God through his messiah Jesus Christ to fulfill his ancient promises of redemption to Israel. The second teemed with ancient actors, not only human but also divine: angry superhuman forces, jealous demons, and hostile cosmic gods. Both worlds are Paul's, and his convictions about the first shaped his actions in the second. Only by situating Paul within this charged social context of gods and humans, pagans…

Evidence: 42 • authority: 72

Jesus (c. 6 to 4 BC – AD 30 or 33), also known as Jesus Christ, Jesus of Nazareth, and by various other names and titles, was a Jewish preacher and religious leader active in the Roman province of Judaea during the 1st century. He is the central figure of Christianity, the world's largest religion. Most branches of Christianity consider Jesus the incarnation of God the Son and the awaited Messiah or Christ. Accounts of Jesus's life are contained in the Gospels, especially the four canonical Gospels of the New Testament. Since the Enlightenment, academic research has produced various views on the historical reliability of the Gospels and the extent to which they reflect the historical Jesus,…

Evidence: 42 • authority: 72

Since the 1970s, scholars have sought to place Paul the Apostle within his historical context in Second Temple Judaism. Paul's relationship to Judaism involves topics including the status of Israel's covenant with God and the role of works as a means to either gain or keep the covenant. The inclusion of Gentiles into the early Christian movement provoked a controversy between Paul and other Apostles over whether the gentiles' faith in Christ exempted them from circumcision. Paul did not deem circumcision necessary for gentiles, because he thought that God included them into the New Covenant through faith in Christ. This brought him into conflict with the Judaizers, a faction of the Jewish C…

Evidence: 42 • authority: 72

Paul (born Saul of Tarsus; c. 5 – c. 64/65 AD), commonly known as Paul the Apostle or Saint Paul, was a Christian apostle who spread the teachings of Jesus in the first century AD. For his contributions towards the New Testament, he is generally regarded as one of the most important figures of the Apostolic Age, and he also founded several Christian communities in Asia Minor and Europe from the mid-40s to the mid-50s AD. The main sources of information on Paul's life and works are Paul's letters and the Acts of the Apostles in the New Testament. Approximately half of their contents document his travels, preaching, and miracles. While he was not one of the Twelve Apostles and did not know Je…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Saint Peter (born Simon bar Jonah; c. 1 BC – AD 64/68), also known as Peter the Apostle, Simon Peter, or Cephas, was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus and one of the first leaders of the early Christian Church. He appears repeatedly and prominently in all four New Testament gospels, as well as the Acts of the Apostles. Catholic and Orthodox tradition treats Peter as the first bishop of Rome – or pope – and also as the first bishop of Antioch. According to Christian tradition, Peter was crucified upside down in Rome under Emperor Nero. The ancient Christian churches venerate Peter as a major saint and the founder of the Church of Antioch and the Church of Rome, but they differ in their att…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The Pauline epistles, also known as Epistles of Paul or Letters of Paul, are the thirteen books of the New Testament attributed to Paul the Apostle, although the authorship of some is in dispute. Among these epistles are some of the earliest extant Christian documents. They provide an insight into the beliefs and controversies of early Christianity. As part of the canon of the New Testament, they are foundational texts for both Christian theology and ethics. The majority of scholars believe that Paul actually wrote seven of the thirteen Pauline epistles (Galatians, Romans, 1 Corinthians, 2 Corinthians, Philemon, Philippians, 1 Thessalonians) while three of the epistles in Paul's name are wi…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Thomas the Apostle (Classical Syriac: ܬܐܘܡܐ, romanized: Tʾōmā, lit. 'the Twin') also known as Didymus (Greek: Δίδυμος, romanized: Dídymos 'twin'), was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus according to the New Testament. Thomas is commonly known as "doubting Thomas" because he initially doubted the resurrection of Jesus when he was told of it (as is related in the Gospel of John); he later confessed his faith ("My Lord and my God") on seeing the places where the wounds appeared still fresh on the holy body of Jesus after the Crucifixion of Jesus. According to early Christian tradition, it was at or near Muziris that Thomas the Apostle is believed to have first arrived in India. He started the…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Marcion of Sinope (Ancient Greek: Μαρκίων Σινώπης; c. 85 – c. 160) was a theologian in early Christianity. Marcion preached that God had sent Jesus Christ, who was distinct from the "vengeful" God (Demiurge) who had created the world. He considered himself a follower of Paul the Apostle, whom he believed to have been the only true apostle of Jesus Christ; his doctrine is called Marcionism. Marcion published the earliest record of a canon of New Testament books. Early Church writers such as Justin Martyr, Irenaeus, and Tertullian denounced Marcion as a heretic or antichrist, and he was excommunicated by the church of Rome around 144. He published his own canon of Christian sacred scriptures,…