transport: Cobble Hill Tunnel

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

The Cobble Hill Tunnel (also known as the Atlantic Avenue Tunnel) is an abandoned Long Island Rail Road (LIRR) tunnel beneath Atlantic Avenue in Brooklyn, New York City, running through the neighborhoods of Downtown Brooklyn and Cobble Hill. When open, it ran for about 2,517 feet (767 m) between Columbia Street and Boerum Place. It is the oldest railway tunnel beneath a city street in North America that was fully devoted to rail. It is also deemed the oldest subway tunnel in the world by the Guinness Book of World Records.

Evidence: 50 • authority: 88

Structural Performance of a Railway Tunnel Under Different Fire Scenarios. Tunnel fires are low-probability high-consequence events that could lead to loss of lives, property damage, and long service disruptions. The rapid rise of gas temperature in excess of 1000 °C within the confined tunnel space can affect the structural integrity of the tunnel. Although tunnel fires may not necessarily cause collapse, significant structural damage and disruption to rail services can lead to major economic losses. The objective of this paper is to investigate the expected structural damage in a cut-and-cover tunnel if exposed to a fire event. The analyses are completed by numerical simulations. In the f…

Evidence: 42 • authority: 88

Tunnel Construction in Pir Panjal (Himalaya) Using NATM [Case Study T-74R Railway Tunnel of Katra-Banihal Section of Kashmir Rail Project]. The new railway link project between Katra-Banihal is one of the current, most significant Indian projects aiming to join the Kashmir valley with the whole Indian railway network. The T-74R tunnel, going from km 125+310 to km 133+910 (new alignment chainages), is being excavated between the right side of the Bishlari river valley (roughly 5km downstream and southward of Banihal) and the last 5km of the left hillside of its tributary, the valley of the Mahumangat Nallah.The tunnel passes through heterogeneous geology which was highly deformed and having…

Evidence: 42 • authority: 80

Channel Tunnel Rail Link section 1: North Downs tunnel

Evidence: 42 • authority: 80

Research on Construction Technology of New Railway Tunnel Underpassing Existing Rail Transit Tunnel

Evidence: — • authority: 72

A third rail, also known as a conductor rail, electric rail, live rail, or power rail, is a method of providing electric power to a railway locomotive or train, through a semi-continuous rigid conductor placed alongside or between the rails of a railway track. It is used typically in a mass transit or rapid transit system, which has alignments in its own corridors, fully or almost fully segregated from the outside environment. Third-rail systems are usually supplied with direct current. Modern tram systems with street running avoid the electrical injury risk of the exposed electric rail by implementing a segmented ground-level power supply, where each segment is electrified only while cover…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) operates rapid transit (heavy rail), light rail, and bus rapid transit services in the Boston metropolitan area, collectively referred to as the rapid transit, subway, or the T. The color-branded lines consist of three heavy rail lines (Red, Orange, and Blue), one branched light rail system (Green), and a short light rail line (the Mattapan Line, colored as part of the Red Line). All except the Ashmont–Mattapan line operate in tunnels in the downtown area, but no route operates entirely underground, and only 31 out of the system's 153 stations are located underground. The five branches of the Silver Line bus network are also shown as par…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

An esker, eskar, eschar, or os (sometimes called an asar, osar, or serpent kame) is a long, winding ridge of stratified sand and gravel, examples of which occur in glaciated and formerly glaciated regions of Europe and North America. They are most often formed by the deposition of sediment at the bottom of ice-walled channels within or beneath a former glacier. As a glacier retreats, the channel walls melt while the accumulated sediment remains, slumping into ridges as the only remaining evidence of the former channel path. They represent an unusual form of sedimentation where the location of the former channel is higher than the surrounding landform. Eskers are frequently several kilometre…

Evidence: — • authority: 80

Fig. 1. The oldest monuments and cultures of North America.

Evidence: — • authority: 88

Empirical Verification of a Heuristic Radio Propagation Model in a Non-Uniform Subway Tunnel Environment. Abstract Modern rail and particularly automated train systems utilize train control schemes which rely on continuous onboard-wayside wireless communication in the UHF/SHF frequency bands. The knowledge of radio propagation process and propagation environment are essential for specification, design, installation, and optimization of the cited wireless communication systems. To this end, radio propagation prediction models are applied which are normally characterized by the radio environment as a function of frequency and distance between transmitter and receiver along with electromagneti…