rekordy: Dharani

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

Dharanis (IAST: dhāraṇī), also known as (Skt.) vidyās and paritas or (Pal.) parittas, are lengthier Buddhist mantras that function as mnemonic codes, incantations, or recitations. Almost all were composed in Sanskrit, although there are some Pali dharanis. Believed to generate protection and the power to generate merit for the Buddhist practitioner, they constitute a major part of historic Buddhist literature. Most dharanis are in Sanskrit written in scripts such as Siddhaṃ as can be transliterated into Chinese, Korean, Japanese, Vietnamese, Sinhala, Thai and other regional scripts. They are similar to and reflect a continuity of the Vedic chants and mantras. Dharanis are found in the ancie…

Evidence: 57 • authority: 80

Reading Asian Characters in English: Why “Chou” and “Zhou” Are the Same Word, and They Are Both Pronounced “Joe”: The Perils of Reading Chinese, Japanese, and Korean Characters Transliterated into English; with Notes on Vietnamese and Thai: George J.

Evidence: 51 • authority: 72

The Nīlakaṇṭha Dhāraṇī, also known as the Mahākaruṇā(-citta) Dhāraṇī, Mahākaruṇika Dhāraṇī or Great Compassion Dhāraṇī / Mantra (Chinese: 大悲咒, Dàbēi zhòu; Japanese: 大悲心陀羅尼, Daihishin darani or 大悲呪, Daihi shu; Vietnamese: Chú đại bi or Đại bi tâm đà la ni; Korean: 신묘장구대다라니 (Hanja: 神妙章句大陀羅尼), Sinmyo janggu daedarani), is a Mahayana Buddhist dhāraṇī associated with the bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara (popularly as Guanyin in the East Asian Buddhist sphere). Avalokiteśvara came to be associated with attributes linked to Shiva and Vishnu, such as Nīlakaṇṭha and Harihara, as Buddhism developed within the Indian religious milieu and reinterpreted widely recognized divine symbols and epithets within a B…

Evidence: 51 • authority: 80

SEVEN Chinese Characters in the Modern Era Today’s Written Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, and Zhuang

Evidence: 44 • authority: 72

The Śūraṅgama Sūtra (Chinese: 首楞嚴經; pinyin: Shǒuléngyán jīng, Sūtra of the Heroic March) (Taisho no. 945) is a Mahayana Buddhist Sūtra that has been influential across most forms of East Asian Buddhism, where it has traditionally been included as part of Chinese-language Tripitakas. In the modern Taisho Tripitaka, it is placed in the Esoteric Sūtra category (密教部). The sūtra's Śūraṅgama Mantra is widely recited in China, Korea, Japan and Vietnam as part of temple liturgies. In Chinese Buddhism, it is a major subject of doctrinal study and the mantra revealed within the sūtra remains a regular part of the daily liturgy chanted in all Chinese Buddhist monasteries. It is particularly important…

Evidence: 44 • authority: 72

Sanskrit Buddhist literature refers to Buddhist texts composed either in classical Sanskrit, or in a register that has been called "Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit" (also known as "Buddhistic Sanskrit" and "Mixed Sanskrit"), or a mixture of these two. Several non-Mahāyāna Nikāyas appear to have kept their canons in Sanskrit, the most prominent being the Sarvāstivāda school. Many Mahāyāna Sūtras and śāstras also survive in Buddhistic Sanskrit or in standard Sanskrit. During the Indian Tantric Age (8th to the 14th century), numerous Buddhist Tantras were written in Sanskrit, sometimes interspersed with local languages like Apabhramśa, and often containing notable irregularities in grammar and meter.…

Evidence: 44 • authority: 80

Historical Changes in the Translation from Chinese Literature: a Comparative Study of Korean, Japanese and Vietnamese Cases

Evidence: 38 • authority: 72

The Heart Sūtra is a popular sūtra in Mahāyāna Buddhism. In Sanskrit, the title Prajñāpāramitāhṛdaya translates as "The Heart of the Perfection of Wisdom". It is traditionally associated with the Bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara (commonly known in East Asian Buddhism as Guanyin), who is the interlocutor of the sūtra. The sūtra famously states, "Form is emptiness (śūnyatā), emptiness is form." It has been called "the most frequently used and recited text in the entire Mahayana Buddhist tradition." The text has been translated into English dozens of times from Chinese, Sanskrit, and Tibetan, as well as other source languages.

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Siddhaṃ (Sanskrit pronunciation: [sidːʱɐ̃]) (also known as Kutila) is an Indic script used in India from the 6th century to the 13th century. Also known in its later evolved form as Siddhamātṛkā, Siddham is a medieval Brahmic abugida, derived from the Gupta script and ancestral to the Nāgarī, Eastern Nagari, Tirhuta, Odia and Nepalese scripts. The Siddham script was widely used by Indian Buddhists and still remains in use by East Asian Buddhists, especially for writing mantras, seed syllables, and dharanis.

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Oṃ maṇi padme hūm̐ (Sanskrit: ॐ मणि पद्मे हूँ, IPA: [õːː mɐɳɪ pɐdmeː ɦũː]) is the six-syllabled Sanskrit mantra particularly associated with the four-armed Shadakshari form of Avalokiteśvara, the Bodhisattva of compassion. It first appeared in the Mahayana Kāraṇḍavyūha sūtra, where it is also referred to as the sadaksara (Sanskrit: षडक्षर, six syllabled) and the paramahrdaya, or "innermost heart" of Avalokiteśvara. In this text, the mantra is seen as the condensed form of all Buddhist teachings. The precise meaning and significance of the words remain much discussed by Buddhist scholars. The literal meaning in English has been expressed as "praise to the jewel in the lotus", or as a declara…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Guanyin (Chinese: 觀音; pinyin: Guānyīn; Jyutping: Gun1 jam1) is a common Chinese name of the Bodhisattva associated with compassion known as Avalokiteśvara (Sanskrit: अवलोकितेश्वर). Guanyin is short for Guanshiyin, which means "[The One Who] Perceives the Sounds of the World". Originally regarded as male in Indian Buddhism, Guanyin has been more commonly depicted as female in China and most of East Asia since about the 12th century. Due to sociogeographical factors, Guanyin may also be historically depicted as genderless or androgynous. On the 19th day of the sixth lunar month, Guanyin's attainment of Buddhahood is celebrated. Guanyin has been incorporated in other religions, including Taois…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

There are several Buddhist canons, which refers to the various scriptural collections of Buddhist sacred scriptures or the various Buddhist scriptural canons. Some of these collections are also called Tipiṭaka (Pali: [tipiʈɐkɐ]) or Tripiṭaka (Sanskrit: [tɾi.pi.ʈɐ.kɐ]) , meaning "Triple Basket", a traditional term for the three main divisions of some ancient canons. In ancient India, there were several Buddhist scriptural canons that were organized into three main textual divisions: Vinaya (monastic rule), Sutra (which contains teachings of the Buddha) and Abhidharma (which are more systematic and scholastic works). For example, the Theravada Tipiṭaka is composed of the Vinaya Piṭaka, the Su…