transport: Rocket

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

A rocket (from Italian: rocchetto, lit. ''bobbin/spool'', and so named for its shape) is an elongated flying vehicle that uses a rocket engine to accelerate without using any surrounding air. A rocket engine produces thrust by reaction to exhaust expelled at high speed. Unlike jet engines, rockets are fuelled entirely by propellant which they carry, without the need for oxygen from air; consequently a rocket can fly in the vacuum of space, and indeed rocket engines operate more efficiently outside the atmosphere. Multistage rockets are capable of attaining escape velocity from Earth and therefore can achieve unlimited maximum altitude. Compared with airbreathing engines, rockets are lightwe…

Evidence: 44 • authority: 72

A jet engine is a type of reaction engine, discharging a fast-moving jet of heated gas (usually air) that generates thrust by jet propulsion. While this broad definition may include rocket, water jet, and hybrid propulsion, the term jet engine typically refers to an internal combustion air-breathing jet engine such as a turbojet, turbofan, ramjet, pulse jet, or scramjet. In general, jet engines are internal combustion engines. Air-breathing jet engines typically feature a rotating air compressor powered by a turbine, with the leftover power providing thrust through the propelling nozzle—this process is known as the Brayton thermodynamic cycle. Jet aircraft use such engines for long-distance…

Evidence: 34 • authority: 80

Multiaxial Force/Torque Measurement: Thrust Stands for Jet Engines and Rocket Engines

Evidence: 34 • authority: 72

An airbreathing jet engine (or ducted jet engine) is a jet engine in which the exhaust gas which supplies jet propulsion is atmospheric air, which is taken in, compressed, heated, and expanded back to atmospheric pressure through a propelling nozzle. Compression may be provided by a gas turbine, as in the original turbojet and newer turbofan, or arise solely from the ram pressure of the vehicle's velocity, as with the ramjet and pulsejet. All practical airbreathing jet engines heat the air by burning fuel. Alternatively a heat exchanger may be used, as in a nuclear-powered jet engine. Most modern jet engines are turbofans, which are more fuel efficient than turbojets because the thrust supp…

Evidence: 34 • authority: 92

Multimatrix Composite Materials for Rocket Nozzle Manufacturing: A Comparative Review.. Rocket engine nozzle blocks operate under extreme thermal and oxidative loads, requiring materials with high temperature resistance, dimensional stability, and a predictable lifetime without active cooling. This review provides a comparative overview of multimatrix composite materials-including C/C, C/SiC, SiC/SiC, MMC, and polymer-based ablative systems-representing the full spectrum of materials used in non-cooled rocket nozzles. The study highlights the evolutionary continuum from polymeric ablative systems to carbon, ceramic, and metallic matrices, demonstrating how each class extends operational lim…

Evidence: 34 • authority: 72

A tripropellant rocket is a rocket that uses three propellants, as opposed to the more common bipropellant rocket or monopropellant rocket designs, which use two or one propellants, respectively. Tripropellant systems can be designed to have high specific impulse and have been investigated for single-stage-to-orbit designs. While tripropellant engines have been tested by Rocketdyne and NPO Energomash, no tripropellant rocket has been flown. There are two different kinds of tripropellant rockets. One is a rocket engine which mixes three separate streams of propellants, burning all three propellants simultaneously. The other kind of tripropellant rocket is one that uses one oxidizer but two f…

Evidence: — • authority: 80

Rocket Classifications, Liquid Propellant Rockets, Engine Selection, and Heat Transfer

Evidence: — • authority: 90

A study of the durability of beryllium rocket engines. of a 1-year program (June 1973 -June 1974) entitled "A Study of the Durability of Beryllium Rocket Engines."The contract (NAS9-13476) was conducted by the Rocketdyne Division of Rockwell International, and was administered by the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.The NASA Technical Monitor was Mr. N. Chaffee of the Auxiliary'Propulsion and Pyrotechnics Branch.. Source: NASA STI Repository (National Aeronautics and Space Administration). Year: 1974

Evidence: — • authority: 90

On the adaptation of bifunctional systems of liquid-propellant rocket thrust vector control to modern methods and systems of space rocket stage flight control. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that bifunctional rocket trust vector control systems can easily be adapted to modern flight control systems of space rocket stages with mass asymmetry that changes during the flight.A bifunctional thrust vector control system based on separate counteraction to random and deterministic disturbing factors is considered.It is shown that its adaptation to modern rocket stage control systems significantly widens the range of actuator control efforts at low power consumption for control without affe…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Progress and Bottlenecks in Large-Scale Commercial Space Transportation Systems.. With global space activities shifting from an exploration-oriented focus to large-scale development and utilization, low-cost, "airline-mode", and high-capability space transportation capabilities have become the critical foundation for supporting the construction of space infrastructure and the flourishing of the space economy. This paper targets the "dual-hundredfold" goal, aiming for a hundredfold increase in both payload insertion mass and launch frequency compared to current levels. After analyzing the development trends and challenges of large-scale space transportation systems, key technologies-such as…

Evidence: — • authority: 90

Rocket Engine Vacuum Nozzle 3D Printing: Manufacturing, Weight, and Cost Savings. Metallic materials additive manufacturing is extremely challenging nowadays, while aircraft manufacturers are trying to adapt the newly developed technology to produce parts of complex geometry with minimum materials losses. Skyrora is a company focused on the production of several launch vehicles and rockets with the aim of becoming a commercial provider for access to space. One of the Skyrora goals is to develop innovative and long-term solutions for future growth, and, within the Horizon European project “MADE-3D”, aims to improve the rocket propulsion system of the launch vehicle Skyrora XL by exploiting m…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Future Model for Efficient and Advanced Space Transportation: Exploration and Perspectives.. Current space transportation employs a multistage rocket system to deliver the payload to its destination in a single launch, and this integrated model significantly constrains payload capacity for medium-high earth orbits and deep-space missions. However, the medium-high earth orbits and deep-space domains are anticipated to become the next exploration and utilization frontier, which needs large payload capacity and low-cost transportation as support. This study proposes a decoupled design for space access and in-space transfer in a medium-high earth orbit or a deep-space mission. This design intro…