średniowiecze: Dome

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

A dome (from Latin domus) is an architectural element similar to the hollow upper half of a sphere. There is significant overlap with the term cupola, which may also refer to a dome or a structure on top of a dome. The precise definition of a dome has been a matter of controversy and there are a wide variety of forms and specialized terms to describe them. A dome can rest directly upon a rotunda wall, a drum, or a system of squinches or pendentives used to accommodate the transition in shape from a rectangular or square space to the round or polygonal base of the dome. The dome's apex may be closed or may be open in the form of an oculus, which may itself be covered with a roof lantern and…

Evidence: 51 • authority: 72

The domes of the High Middle Ages (c. 1000-1300) built by Arab Muslim and Western European Christian states were influenced by the East-West Schism, the Crusades, and the Reconquista. There are early examples of muqarnas elements supporting domes from the Fatimid Caliphate and the Abbasid Caliphate in the 11th century, as well as crossed-arch domes in the Taifas of al-Andalus. The domes of Norman Sicily blended Byzantine and Islamic elements. Christian domes under Byzantine influence used pendentives and were built over Greek-cross plans. Romanesque church domes, especially those of the Holy Roman Empire beginning around 1050, were generally octagonal on squinches and hidden externally with…

Evidence: 46 • authority: 88

Affordable Roofing System with Square and Rectangular Dome Panels. Affordable roofing is a word, which refers to residence units or habitation units whose prices are assumed/expected to be affordable or economical to a category of community with an identified remuneration limit or scale. Structural roofs are taken in to computation for considerable or valuable price of building in ordinary condition. Thus some savings accomplished in roofing operation or roofing system, significantly decreases the price of the structural units or building unit. In India, BMTPC (Building material and technology promotion council) and HUDCO ( Housing and urban development corporation limited) are the main tow…

Evidence: 35 • authority: 88

Shape Formation of Stereometric Dome Shells. Theoretical fundamentals of shape formation of stereometrical dome shells are revealed in this article. The genesis of shapes of shells consisting of plane elements of regular configuration in the form of truncated parts of regular polyhedrons is also considered. Principles of geometric formation of shell shapeil structures are touched upon and a brief description of each of them is given from the point of view of possible unification of shape forming elements. The author develops a methodology for designing stereometrical dome-shaped shells on the basis of regular crystals. He also describes methods of geometric calculation of stereometrical dom…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The Pantheon (UK: , US: ; Latin: Pantheum, from Ancient Greek Πάνθειον (Pantheion) '[temple] of all the gods') is an ancient temple in Rome, Italy, originally built under emperor Augustus (27 BC–AD 14) and reconstructed under Hadrian (117–138); since AD 609, it is a Catholic church called the Basilica of St. Mary and the Martyrs (Italian: Basilica di Santa Maria ad Martyres). The current Pantheon was built on the site of an earlier temple, which had been commissioned by Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa during the reign of Augustus. After the original burnt down, the present building was completed by the emperor Hadrian and probably dedicated c. AD 126. Its date of construction is uncertain, because…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Domes were a characteristic element of the architecture of Ancient Rome and of its medieval continuation, the Byzantine Empire. They had widespread influence on contemporary and later styles, from Russian and Ottoman architecture to the Italian Renaissance and modern revivals. The domes were customarily hemispherical, although octagonal and segmented shapes are also known, and they developed in form, use, and structure over the centuries. Early examples rested directly on the rotunda walls of round rooms and featured a central oculus for ventilation and light. Pendentives became common in the Byzantine period, provided support for domes over square spaces. Early wooden domes are known only…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Domes built in the 18th century by the Western world, broadly defined, benefited from the newly developed mathematics of calculus and the study of statics. There were numerous studies on the catenary curve as the most stable form for arches and vaults and the ideal shape for a dome was debated in the late 18th century. Calculus allowed Guarini's experimental designs with intersections of spheres, barrel vaults, and oval domes to be proven and they would become the foundation of Rococo spatial arrangements. In the areas of the Holy Roman Empire, rebuilding of the many palaces and churches destroyed in the Thirty Years' War had begun by the end of the seventeenth century. Ovals resolved the t…

Evidence: — • authority: 88

Typology and Distribution of Squinches in the Transition Zones of Seljuk Square Chambers in Iran. The construction of domes on square-plan chambers in Iranian architecture can be traced back to the pre-Islamic era. In order to address the challenge of building a dome with a circular cross-section on a square space, a transition zone was created using four squinches, with the objective of altering the geometry of the cross-section and making it closer to a circular shape. During the Great Seljuk era, the construction of domes on square-plan spaces became a common practice, with various squinch techniques employed in the transition zones. This paper examines forty-one existing Seljuk chambers…