materiały: Aluminium

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

Aluminium (the Commonwealth and preferred IUPAC name) or aluminum (North American English) is a chemical element; it has symbol Al and atomic number 13. It has a density lower than other common metals, about one-third that of steel. Aluminium has a great affinity toward oxygen, forming a protective layer of oxide on the surface when exposed to air. It visually resembles silver, both in its color and in its great ability to reflect light. It is soft, nonmagnetic, and ductile. It has one stable isotope, 27Al, which is highly abundant, making aluminium the 12th-most abundant element in the universe. The radioactivity of 26Al leads to it being used in radiometric dating. Chemically, aluminium i…

Evidence: 95 • authority: 72

Aluminium (or aluminum) metal is very rare in native form, and the process to refine it from ores is complex, so for most of human history it was unknown. However, the compound alum has been known since the 5th century BCE and was used extensively by the ancients for dyeing. During the Middle Ages, its use for dyeing made it a commodity of international commerce. Renaissance scientists believed that alum was a salt of a new earth; during the Age of Enlightenment, it was established that this earth, alumina, was an oxide of a new metal. Discovery of this metal was announced in 1825 by Danish physicist Hans Christian Ørsted, whose work was extended by German chemist Friedrich Wöhler. Aluminiu…

Evidence: 45 • authority: 72

The Deville–Pechiney process, also known as the Le Châtelier process, was the first industrial process used to produce alumina from bauxite. The Frenchman Henri Sainte-Claire Deville invented the process in 1859, in collaboration with Louis Le Châtelier. In 1860, Deville sold his aluminium interests to Henri Merle, a founder of Compagnie d'Alais et de la Camargue, later known as Pechiney. It is based on the extraction of alumina with sodium carbonate. The first stage is the calcination of the bauxite at 1200 °C with sodium carbonate and coke. The alumina is converted in sodium aluminate. Iron oxide remains unchanged and silica forms a polysilicate. In the second stage sodium hydroxide solut…

Evidence: 45 • authority: 72

Henri Étienne Sainte-Claire Deville (11 March 1818 – 1 July 1881) was a French chemist. He was born in the island of St Thomas in the Danish West Indies, where his father was French consul. Together with his elder brother Charles, he was educated in Paris at the collège Rollin. In 1844, having graduated as a doctor of medicine and doctor of science, he was appointed to organize the new faculty of science at Besançon, where he acted as dean and professor of chemistry from 1845 to 1851. Returning to Paris in the latter year he succeeded Antoine Jérôme Balard at the École Normale, and in 1859 became professor at the Sorbonne in place of J. B. A. Dumas, for whom he had begun to lecture in 1853.…

Evidence: 24 • authority: 80

Henri Sainte-Claire Deville, 1818-1881

Evidence: 24 • authority: 80

Etienne Henry Sainte-Claire Deville

Evidence: 24 • authority: 88

Four brilliant students of Henri Sainte-Claire Deville 2. Louis Joseph Troost. Louis Joseph Troost (1825-1911) carried on a large number of researches, alone or with Deville, Hautefeuille,and other colleagues, on the isolation of lithium, determination of its atomic mass, and preparationof many of its salts, on allotropic phenomena, on the use of electromotive force of a cell todetermine the heat effects of a reaction, determination of the density of vapors at high temperatures,dissociation of gases, niobium and its compounds, the hydrides of palladium, sodium, and potassium,and the influence of manganese and silicon on the properties of the different varieties of iron.

Evidence: 24 • authority: 80

HENRI SAINTE-CLAIRE DEVILLE: 1818–1881

Evidence: 24 • authority: 88

Four brilliant students of Henri Sainte-Claire Deville 4. Alfred Ditte. Alfred Ditte (1843-1908), a student of Henri Sainte-Claire Deville, carried on a large number of importantresearches in the areas of mineralogy, chemistry, and thermodynamics, in particular, vanadiumand its compounds, properties of aluminum, alumina, and aluminates, the Leclanché cell, dissociationmechanism, and iodic acid and iodates.

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The Deville process, also known as the Sainte-Claire Deville process, was the first industrial process used to produce aluminium. It involves reacting sodium metal with aluminium chloride. It was developed by Henri Étienne Sainte-Claire Deville in 1854. Aluminium produced using the Deville process typically contains 1% iron and 0.75% silicon.

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The economic history of France involves major events and trends, including the elaboration and extension of the seigneurial economic system (including the enserfment of peasants) in the medieval Kingdom of France, the development of the French colonial empire in the early modern period, the wide-ranging reforms of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Era, the competition with the United Kingdom and other neighboring states during industrialization and the extension of imperialism, the total wars of the late-19th and early 20th centuries, and the introduction of the welfare state and integration with the European Union since World War II. Medieval and early modern France experienced peri…