najbardziej-odległe: Cagot

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

The Cagots (pronounced [ka.ɡo]) were a persecuted minority who lived in the west of France and northern Spain: the Navarrese Pyrenees, Basque provinces, Béarn, Aragón, Gascony and Brittany. Evidence of the group exists as far back as 1000 CE. The name they were known by varied across the regions where they lived. The origins of the Cagots remain uncertain, with various hypotheses proposed throughout history. Some theories suggest they were descendants of biblical or legendary figures cursed by God, or the descendants of medieval lepers, while others propose they were related to the Cathars or even a fallen guild of carpenters. Some suggest descent from a variety of other marginalized racial…

Evidence: 34 • authority: 88

Liminality and Belonging among Muslim-Origin Youth in Europe: Rethinking Radicalisation through Experiences of Societal Exclusion. Abstract This article examines how experiences of liminality shape the ways in which some Muslim-origin youth in Europe negotiate belonging, religion and political engagement. Drawing on thematic analysis of 151 in-depth interviews with self-identified Muslim youth of Turkish and Moroccan backgrounds in Belgium, France, Germany and the Netherlands (2020–2022), the article argues that radicalisation cannot be understood solely through ideological or security-oriented frameworks. Rather, many interlocutors described an enduring condition of conditional belonging i…

Evidence: 34 • authority: 88

Discussion, Societal Exclusion, and Political Voice. This chapter explores the implications of horizontal intermediation for the normative issues of the quality and equity of political voice. Because its monetary costs are virtually nil, the realm of horizontal intermediation could be a haven for under-resourced and marginalized groups. The analyses of data from the panel studies and the Comparative National Elections Project (CNEP), however, show that political discussion in seven Latin American countries suffers from an exclusion problem. Individuals of high socioeconomic status (SES) are much more likely to discuss politics than individuals of lower status, and men discuss politics more…

Evidence: 34 • authority: 72

A caste is a fixed social group into which an individual is born within a particular system of social stratification: a caste system. Within such a system, individuals are expected to marry exclusively within the same caste (endogamy), follow lifestyles often linked to a particular occupation, hold a ritual status observed within a hierarchy, and interact with others based on cultural notions of exclusion, with certain castes considered as either more pure or more polluted than others. The term "caste" is also applied to morphological groupings in eusocial insects such as ants, bees, and termites. The paradigmatic ethnographic example of caste is the division of India's Hindu society into r…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Castilians (Spanish: castellanos) are the inhabitants of the historical region of Castile in central Spain. However, the boundaries of the region are disputed. Not all people in the regions of the medieval Kingdom of Castile or the Crown of Castile think of themselves as Castilian. For that reason, the exact limits of what is Castilian today are disputed. The western parts of Castile and León (that is, the Region of León) and Cantabria, La Rioja, the Community of Madrid and La Mancha are often also included in the definition, but that is controversial for historical reasons and for the strong sense of unique cultural identity of those regions. The Province of Albacete and Ciudad Real are al…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Burakumin (Japanese: 部落民, lit. "hamlet people") are a historically marginalized social group in Japan. Their ancestors were outcastes of the pre-modern era who were associated with occupations considered impure or tainted by death, such as executioners, undertakers, slaughterhouse workers, butchers, and tanners. This group resided at the bottom of the traditional social hierarchy, and were segregated into their own hamlets and neighborhoods. Although legally liberated in 1871 with the abolition of the feudal caste system, burakumin have since faced persistent discrimination and prejudice. Their total modern population is estimated to be between 1.5 and 3 million. The history of the burakumi…