rekordowe-miejsca: Kerala

Evidence: 52 • authority: 72

The Chola dynasty (Tamil: [t͡ʃoːɻɐr]) was a Tamil dynasty originating from Southern India. At its height, it ruled over the Chola Empire, an expansive maritime empire. The earliest datable references to the Chola are from inscriptions dated to the 3rd century BCE during the reign of Ashoka of the Maurya Empire. The Mahabharata, one of the two major epics of ancient India, contains references to the Cholas. The Chola empire was at its peak and achieved imperialism under the Medieval Cholas in the mid-9th century CE. As one of the Three Crowned Kings of Tamilakam, along with the Chera and Pandya, the dynasty continued to govern over varying territories until the 13th century CE. The heartland…

Evidence: 47 • authority: 88

The Chera Dynasty: Nautical Innovators. The Chera Dynasty, a prominent and significant ruling authority in ancient South India, exemplifies the region's political acumen and cultural richness. This dynasty thrived from the 4th century BCE until the 12th century CE, significantly influencing the culture, trade, and architectural heritage of Tamilakam. The Cheras, famous for their shrewd administration, vast trading networks, and support of literature, significantly impacted the socio-political and economic landscape of their day. Positioned strategically along the Malabar Coast, the Cheras became a crucial element in the network of historic marine trade. Their maritime skills facilitated act…

Evidence: 47 • authority: 72

The Pandya dynasty (Tamil: [paːɳɖijɐr]), also referred to as the Pandyas of Madurai, was an ancient Tamil dynasty of South India, and among the four great kingdoms of Tamilakam, the other three being the Pallavas, the Cholas and the Cheras. Existing since at least the 4th to 3rd centuries BCE, the dynasty passed through two periods of imperial dominance, the 6th to 10th centuries CE, and under the 'Later Pandyas' (13th to 14th centuries CE). In the second half of the 13th century under Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan I and Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I, the Pandyas ruled extensive territories including regions of present-day South India and northern Sri Lanka through vassal states subject to M…

Evidence: 41 • authority: 72

The Three Crowned Kings, were the triumvirate of Chera, Chola and Pandya who dominated the politics of the ancient Tamil kingdom, Tamilakam, from their three Nadu (kingdoms) of Chola Nadu, Pandya Nadu (present day Madurai and Tirunelveli) and Chera Nadu (present day Kerala and some parts of Tamil Nadu) in southern India. They signalled a time of integration and political identity for the Tamil people. They frequently waged war against one another under a period of instability and between each other, held control over Greater Tamilakam from 6th century BCE to the 13th century. After being defeated by the Pandyas, the Cholas fled to Devicottah and are later mentioned in various texts that par…

Evidence: 41 • authority: 72

The Chera dynasty (or Cēra, IPA: [t͡ʃeːɾɐ]), also known as Keralaputra, Kedalaputho, from the early historic or the Sangam period in southern India, ruled over parts of present-day states Kerala and Tamil Nadu. The Cheras, known as one of the mu-ventar (the Three Crowned Kings) of Tamilakam (the Tamil country) alongside the Cholas and Pandyas, have been documented as early as the third century BCE. The Chera country was geographically well placed at the tip of the Indian peninsula to profit from maritime trade via the extensive Indian Ocean networks. Exchange of spices, especially black pepper, with Middle Eastern or Graeco-Roman merchants is attested to in several sources. Chera influence…

Evidence: 35 • authority: 88

Introduction: Roman Law and Maritime Commerce. This chapter introduces readers to the two of the major contributions to the history of Roman commercial law (Paul Huvelin and Jean Rougé). The chapter examines some of the past approaches to the study of Roman commercial law and examines the potential and pitfalls of adopting an interdisciplinary approach.

Evidence: 35 • authority: 72

The Maurya Empire was a geographically extensive Iron Age historical power in South Asia with its power base in Magadha. Founded by Chandragupta Maurya around c. 320 BCE, it existed in loose-knit fashion until 185 BCE. The primary sources for the written records of the Mauryan times are partial records of the lost history of Megasthenes in Roman texts of several centuries later, and the Edicts of Ashoka. Archaeologically, the period of Mauryan rule in South Asia falls into the era of Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW). Through military conquests and diplomatic treaties, Chandragupta Maurya defeated the Nanda dynasty and extended his suzerainty as far westward as Afghanistan below the Hindu…

Evidence: — • authority: 65