maszyny: Criticism of capitalism

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Change We Can Believe In: Structural and Content Dynamics within Belief Networks. Presumably, network analysis supplies an analytical framework for exploring the empirical properties of ideology. This manuscript incorporates two important, though ignored features in past research by inves- tigating how time shapes the properties of belief networks for different populations of people – those who exhibit high and low levels of political knowledge. Subsequent analysis produces several findings: (1) belief network density increases asymmetrically among people with high relative to low knowledge; (2) symbolic preferences are always more central to belief networks irrespective of survey timing or…

Evidence: 44 • authority: 72

Karl Marx (German: [ˈkaʁl ˈmaʁks]; 5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a German philosopher, social and political theorist, and revolutionary socialist. He developed the theory of historical materialism, analysing societal structure and change, particularly class struggle under capitalism, and predicting the system's ultimate replacement by communism. Marx co-authored The Communist Manifesto (1848) with Friedrich Engels, and undertook a critique of classical political economy in his magnum opus, Das Kapital (1867–1894). His ideas and their later development, collectively known as Marxism, have had enormous influence on intellectual, political, and social history, and have inspired revolutionary…

Evidence: 38 • authority: 88

Learning Through Make-Believe Play. Two days a week, Kevin leaves his office 45 minutes early to take charge of his 2-year-old daughter, Sophie, while her mother, a university professor, teaches a late class. One balmy spring afternoon, Kevin retrieved Sophie at her child-care center and drove the 15-minute route home. Invited to look in on Sophie’s play, I met the pair at the front door and nestled into a rocking chair from which to observe unobtrusively. After downing the last bite of her snack, Sophie grabbed Kevin’s hand and led him across the family room to a rug lined on two sides by shelves filled with books, stuffed animals, and other play props. Sophie moved a toy horse and cow ins…

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Gradualism, from the Latin gradus ("step"), is a hypothesis, a theory or a tenet which holds or accepts that change comes about gradually, or that variation is gradual in nature and happens over time as opposed to in large steps. Uniformitarianism, incrementalism, and reformism are similar concepts. The term also appears as "gradualness". Gradualism can also refer to desired, controlled change in society, institutions, or policies. For example, social democrats and democratic socialists see the emergence of a socialist society as achieved through gradualism.

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Reformism is a political tendency advocating the reform of an existing system or institution—often a political or religious establishment—as opposed to its abolition and replacement via revolution. Within the socialist movement, reformism holds that gradual change through existing institutions can eventually lead to fundamental changes in a society's political and economic systems. Reformism as a political tendency and hypothesis of social change grew out of opposition to revolutionary socialism, which contends that revolutionary upheaval is a necessary precondition for the structural changes necessary to transform a capitalist system into a qualitatively different socialist system. Respond…

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Late capitalism (or late-stage capitalism) is a concept in Marxist political economy, political science and sociology. It is used by social critics to describe the current or contemporary phase of capitalist civilization. The idea was first used by the German economist and sociologist Werner Sombart (1863-1941) to name the new social order which emerged in the aftermath of World War I. However, beyond some brief comments and outlines, Sombart never provided a systematic or comprehensive theory of late capitalism. From the 1930s to the 1970s, the idea of "late capitalism" was used by European socialists as a label for a new form of state-regulated capitalism, with a meaning similar (but not…

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Social democracy originated as an ideology within the labour movement whose goals have been a social revolution to promote socialism within democratic processes. In a nonviolent revolution as in the case of evolutionary socialism, or the establishment and support of a welfare state. Its origins lie in the 1860s as a revolutionary socialism associated with orthodox Marxism. Starting in the 1890s, there was a dispute between committed revolutionary social democrats such as Rosa Luxemburg and reformist social democrats. The latter sided with Marxist revisionists such as Eduard Bernstein, who supported a more gradual approach grounded in liberal democracy and cross-class cooperation. Karl Kauts…

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Authoritarian socialism, or socialism from above, is an economic and political system supporting some form of socialist economics while rejecting political pluralism. As a term, it represents a set of economic-political systems describing themselves as "socialist" and rejecting the liberal-democratic concepts of multi-party politics, freedom of assembly, habeas corpus, and freedom of expression, either due to fear of counter-revolution or as a means to socialist ends. Journalists and scholars have characterised several countries, most notably the Soviet Union, China, Cuba, and their allies, as authoritarian socialist states. Contrasted to democratic socialist, social democratic, anti-statis…

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Neoliberalism is a political and economic ideology that advocates for free-market capitalism, and that became dominant in policy-making from the late 20th century onward. The term has multiple, competing definitions, and is most often used pejoratively. In scholarly use, the term is often left undefined or used to describe a multitude of phenomena. However, it is primarily employed to delineate the societal transformation resulting from market-based reforms. Neoliberalism is often associated with a set of economic liberalization policies, including lower taxes, privatization, deregulation, depoliticization, consumer choice, labor market flexibilization, economic globalization, free trade, m…

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Introduction: two decades of structural reform and political change in Italy and Japan

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De(-)Meaning Anti-Racism.. Following David Theo Goldberg's astute insights, this article discusses a form of neoliberal authoritarianism that extends incessant denial of systematic racial degradation by de(-)meaning anti-racism. It argues that de(-)meaning works to redefine anti-racist struggle-including demands for a free Palestine and scholarship explaining the politics of racism-as racist and hostile, while recasting racialised and militarised state power as anti-racist and humane. Thus, anti-racism is de-meaned of its ethical and emancipatory terms, re-meaned as an unethical and exclusionary endeavour threatening modern socio-political arrangements, demeaned in the traditional, non-hyph…

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Municipal structural adjustment: For an institutional analysis of global development finance.. In this paper I examine climate-aligned development finance initiatives (DFIs) that foster private-sector investment in 'sustainable' urban infrastructures. I am concerned with the ways in which they work to create the institutional preconditions for such investment. I develop the notion of Municipal Structural Adjustment (MSA) as a lens for examining the fields of intervention and modes of policy-making through which these initiatives seek to reform municipalities' governance structures, innovate planning tools and introduce financial instruments. Empirically, this paper focuses on initiatives th…