najbardziej-odległe: Slavery in Brazil

Evidence: 45 • authority: 72

During and after the European colonization of the Americas, European settlers practiced widespread enslavement of Indigenous peoples. In the 15th century, the Spanish introduced chattel slavery through warfare and the cooption of existing systems. A number of other European powers followed suit, and from the 15th through the 19th centuries, between two and five million Indigenous people were enslaved, which had a devastating impact on many Indigenous societies, contributing to the overwhelming population decline of Indigenous peoples in the Americas. After the decolonization of the Americas, the enslavement of Indigenous peoples continued into the 19th century in frontier regions of some co…

Evidence: 43 • authority: 72

The history of slavery spans many different cultures, tribes, nationalities and religions from ancient periods to the present day. Likewise, its victims have come from many different ethnicities and religious groups. The social, economic and legal positions of slaves have differed vastly in different systems of slavery in different times and places. Slavery has been found in some hunter-gatherer populations, particularly as hereditary slavery, but the conditions of agriculture with increasing social and economic complexity following the Neolithic Revolution which began in Western Asia circa 10,000 BC offer greater opportunity for mass chattel slavery. Slavery was institutionalized by the ti…

Evidence: 43 • authority: 72

Slavery in the Spanish American viceroyalties included the enslavement, forced labor and peonage of indigenous peoples, Africans, and Asians from the late 15th to late 19th century, and its aftereffects in the 20th and 21st centuries. The economic and social institution of slavery existed throughout the Spanish Empire, including Spain itself. Initially, indigenous people were subjected to the encomienda system until the 1543 New Laws that prohibited it. This was replaced with the repartimiento system. Africans were also transported to the Americas for their labor under the race-based system of chattel slavery. Later, Southeast Asian people were brought to the Americas under forms of indentu…

Evidence: 36 • authority: 72

Chattel slavery was a major institution and a significant part of the Ottoman Empire's economy and traditional society. The main sources of slaves were wars and politically organized enslavement expeditions in the Caucasus, Eastern Europe, Southern Europe, Central Europe, Southeast Europe, the Western Mediterranean and Africa. It has been reported that the selling price of slaves decreased after large military operations. In Constantinople (present-day Istanbul), the administrative and political center of the Ottoman Empire, about a fifth of the 16th- and 17th-century population consisted of slaves. The number of slaves imported to the Ottoman Empire from various geographic sources in the e…

Evidence: 24 • authority: 72

The history of slavery in the Muslim world was throughout the history of Islam with slaves serving in various social and economic roles, from powerful emirs to harshly treated manual laborers. Slaves were widely used in labour in irrigation, mining, and animal husbandry, but most commonly as soldiers, guards, and domestic workers. The use of slaves for hard physical labor early on in Muslim history led to several destructive slave revolts, the most notable being the Zanj Rebellion of 869–883. Many rulers also used slaves in the military and administration to such an extent that slaves could seize power, as did the Mamluks. Most slaves were imported from outside the Muslim world. Slavery in…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in South America. It is also the world's fifth-largest country by area and the seventh-largest by population, with over 214 million people. Brazil is a federation composed of 26 states and a Federal District, which hosts the capital, Brasília. Its most populous city is São Paulo, followed by Rio de Janeiro. Brazil has the largest Lusophone population in the world and is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas, where it is the official language. Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers (4,655 mi), among the longest in the world. Covering roughly half of South…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The Indigenous peoples of the Americas, also called Indians, Amerindians, or simply Natives, are the peoples who are native to the Americas or the Western Hemisphere. Their ancestors are among the pre-Columbian population of South or North America, including Central America and the Caribbean. Indigenous peoples live throughout the Americas. There are at least 1,000 different Indigenous languages of the Americas still in use in the 21st century. Some languages, including Quechua, Arawak, Aymara, Guaraní, Nahuatl, and some Mayan languages, have millions of speakers and are recognized as official by governments in Bolivia, Peru, Paraguay, and Greenland. Indigenous peoples, whether residing in…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The Transatlantic slave trade to Brazil (c. 1500s-1860s) was a period defined by European demand for resources (sugar, metals, etc.) within the Americas. This demand led to the enslavement of Africans along the western coast of the African continent, resulting in approximately 10 to 30 million Africans who were sold and transported across the Atlantic for labor, primarily on plantations. Of those who were transported, approximately 44 percent were brought to Brazil. It was divided into four phases: The cycle of Guinea (16th century); the cycle of Angola (17th century) which trafficked people from Bakongo, Mbundu, Benguela, and Ovambo; cycle of Costa da Mina, now renamed Cycle of Benin and D…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The Atlantic slave trade, also referred to as transatlantic slave trade (or trans-Atlantic slave trade), involved the transportation by slave traders of enslaved African people to the Americas. This trade was operated by slave ships from both Europe and the New World. Some voyages used the triangular trade route and its Middle Passage, particularly in the early phases. Europeans established a coastal slave trade in the 15th century, and trade to the Americas began in the 16th century, lasting well into the 19th century. Most of the people transported in the transatlantic trade were from Central and West Africa. In contrast to other slave trades, those who were taking slaves from Africa gene…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Centuries of compounding human influence on Amazonian forests.. Recent evidence suggests that the ecological footprints of pre-Columbian Indigenous peoples in Amazonia persist in modern forests. Ecological impacts resulting from European colonization c. 1550 CE and the Amazonian Rubber Boom c. 1850 to 1920 CE are largely unexplored but could be important additive influences on forest structure and tree species composition. Using environmental niche models, we show the highest probabilities of pre-Columbian and colonial occupation sites, and hence human-induced ecological influences, occurred in forests along rivers. In many areas, the predicted pre-Columbian and colonial distributions overl…

Evidence: — • authority: 80

Dress in the 17th and 18th centuries in Europe

Evidence: — • authority: 88

Notes on the Socio – Economic Impact of European Colonial Economic Policies in Brazil and Mexico in the 17th and 18th Centuries. This paper provides a sketch on the European colonization of Latin America. It highlighted the reasons why Spain and Portugal ventured across the oceans to colonize Brazil and Mexico in the 17th and 18th centuries. More particularly it examined how these European countries came across peasant civilizations, interfered in their social and economic arrangements - agriculture, mining and industrial activities and transformed the societies according to their wishes. The paper concluded by examining the consequences of European interference on the indigenous people and…