lotnictwo: Wind

Evidence: 48 • authority: 72

A cold-core low, also known as an upper level low or cold-core cyclone, is a cyclone aloft which has an associated cold pool of air residing at high altitude within the Earth's troposphere, without a frontal structure. It is a low pressure system that strengthens with height in accordance with the thermal wind relationship. If a weak surface circulation forms in response to such a feature at subtropical latitudes of the eastern north Pacific or north Indian oceans, it is called a subtropical cyclone. Cloud cover and rainfall mainly occurs with these systems during the day. Severe weather, such as tornadoes, can occur near the center of cold-core lows. Cold lows can help spawn cyclones with…

Evidence: 48 • authority: 72

In meteorology, a low-pressure area (LPA), low area, or low is a region where the atmospheric pressure is lower than that of surrounding locations. It is the opposite of a high-pressure area. Low-pressure areas are commonly associated with inclement weather (such as cloudy, windy, with possible rain or storms), while high-pressure areas are associated with lighter winds and clear skies. Winds circle anti-clockwise around lows in the northern hemisphere, and clockwise in the southern hemisphere, by dint of opposing Coriolis forces. Large low-pressure, rotating air masses whose winds spiral inward are termed cyclones. Low-pressure systems form under areas of wind divergence that occur in the…

Evidence: 48 • authority: 72

The Hadley cell, also known as the Hadley circulation, is a global-scale tropical atmospheric circulation that features air rising near the equator, flowing poleward near the tropopause at a height of 12–15 km (7.5–9.3 mi) above the Earth's surface, cooling and descending in the subtropics at around 30 degrees latitude, and then returning equatorward near the surface. It is a thermally direct circulation within the troposphere that emerges due to differences in insolation and heating between the tropics and the subtropics. On a yearly average, the circulation is characterized by a circulation cell on each side of the equator. The Southern Hemisphere Hadley cell is slightly stronger on avera…

Evidence: 41 • authority: 88

More Frequent Extreme Precipitation on the Asian Monsoon Fringes Driven by Evolving Extratropical Planetary-Scale Circulations. In recent decades, the fringes of the Asian summer monsoon, such as Pakistan and Northeast China, have become hotspots of extreme precipitation. Although such increases are often linked to thermodynamic changes in a warming climate, the dynamical drivers behind these trends, particularly the systematic role of extratropical circulations, remain poorly understood. This study identifies the large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns responsible for intense summertime rainfall in Northeast China and Pakistan. Clustering analysis reveals that the recent increase in i…

Evidence: 41 • authority: 92

Equatorward upper-ocean heat transport from the Southern Ocean boosted interglacial warming.. The Mid-Brunhes Transition (MBT) signifies a pivotal shift in glacial-interglacial cycles with intensified interglacial warming, yet its underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Targeting the most sensitive component of oceanic heat uptake, the southern-sourced sub-surface waters, the post-MBT ocean heat dynamics are investigated using reconstructed deep and bottom thermocline temperatures from the Western Equatorial Pacific. Our results show that, since the MBT, the deep thermocline temperature has been gradually declining in association with cooling within the (sub)tropical Pacific upper ocean circu…

Evidence: 41 • authority: 92

Pigeonpea-<i>Phytophthora cajani</i> isolates characterization and assessment of resistance in elite pigeonpea germplasm and breeding lines.. Phytophthora blight (PB), caused by Phytophthora cajani , is a key constraint limiting pigeonpea productivity across the tropics and subtropics. Frequent PB outbreaks under erratic rainfall and warm temperatures intensifies the need for a holistic understanding of pathogen variability and stable host resistance. This study evaluated the morpho-cultural, physiological, and molecular diversity of P. cajani and investigated pigeonpea genotypes for resistance against representative isolates. Twenty-two isolates collected from diverse agro-ecol…

Evidence: 41 • authority: 72

Jet streams are fast flowing, narrow air currents in the atmosphere. It is the physical mechanism of a teleconnection. The main terrestrial jet streams are located near the altitude of the tropopause and are westerly winds, flowing west to east around the globe. The Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere each have a polar jet around their respective polar vortex at around 30,000 ft (5.7 mi; 9.1 km) above sea level and typically travelling at around 110 mph (180 km/h) although often considerably faster. Closer to the equator, somewhat higher and somewhat weaker, is a subtropical jet. The northern polar jet flows over the middle to northern latitudes of North America, Europe, and Asi…

Evidence: 41 • authority: 72

An oceanic climate, also known as a marine climate or maritime climate, is the temperate climate sub-type in Köppen classification represented as Cfb or represented as Do under the Trewartha climate classification, typical of west coasts in higher middle latitudes of continents, generally featuring warm summers and cool to mild winters (for their latitude), with a relatively narrow annual temperature range and few extremes of temperature under Köppen's system or mediocre growing seasons with mild winters under Trewartha's. Oceanic climates can be found in both hemispheres generally between 40 and 60 degrees latitude, with subpolar versions extending to 70 degrees latitude in some coastal ar…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Thermal lows, or heat lows, are non-frontal low-pressure areas that occur over the continents in the subtropics during the warm season, as the result of intense heating when compared to their surrounding environments. Thermal lows occur near the Sonoran Desert, on the Mexican Plateau, in California's Great Central Valley, in the Sahara, in the Kalahari, over north-west Argentina, in South America, over the Kimberley region of north-west Australia, over the Iberian Peninsula, and over the Tibetan Plateau. On land, intense, rapid solar heating of the Earth's surface causes the heating of the lowest layers of the atmosphere, via re-radiated energy in the infrared spectrum. The hotter air is le…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

In meteorology, prevailing wind or dominant wind in a region of the Earth's surface is a surface wind that blows predominantly from a particular direction. The dominant winds are the trends in direction of wind with the highest speed over a particular point on the Earth's surface at any given time. A region's prevailing and dominant winds are the result of global patterns of movement in the Earth's atmosphere. In general, winds are predominantly easterly at low latitudes globally. In the mid-latitudes, westerly winds are dominant, and their strength is largely determined by the polar cyclone. In areas where winds tend to be light, the sea breeze-land breeze cycle (powered by differential so…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Rain or rainfall is a form of atmospheric precipitation composed of droplets of water aerosols that have condensed from atmospheric water vapor and fall by gravity. Depending on the intensity, rain can be described as a drizzle (very light, sporadic rainfall), a shower (brief, moderate rainfall), a cloudburst (brief heavy rainfall) or a downpour (prolonged heavy or "torrential" rainfall). It is also often accompanied by other weather phenomena such as strong wind (rainstorm) and lightning (thunderstorm), and may be mixed with hail/ice pellet, snow (sleet) and sandstorm (dust rain). Rain is a major component of the water cycle and is responsible for depositing most of the fresh water on Eart…

Evidence: — • authority: 80

Global Vorticity Budget Over the Tropics and Subtropics at 200-mb During Northern Hemisphere Summer