pogoda: Solar cycle

Evidence: 73 • authority: 72

The Solar cycle, also known as the solar magnetic activity cycle, sunspot cycle, or Schwabe cycle, is a periodic 11-year change in the Sun's activity measured in terms of variations in the number of observed sunspots on the Sun's surface. Over the period of a solar cycle, levels of solar radiation and ejection of solar material, the number and size of sunspots, solar flares, and coronal loops all exhibit a synchronized fluctuation from a period of minimum activity to a period of a maximum activity back to a period of minimum activity. The magnetic field of the Sun flips during each solar cycle, with the flip occurring when the solar cycle is near its maximum. After two solar cycles, the Sun…

Evidence: 66 • authority: 72

The scientific community has been investigating the causes of current climate change for decades. After thousands of studies, the scientific consensus is that it is "unequivocal that human influence has warmed the atmosphere, ocean and land since pre-industrial times." This consensus is supported by around 200 scientific organizations worldwide. The scientific principle underlying current climate change is the greenhouse effect, which provides that greenhouse gases pass sunlight that heats the earth, but trap some of the resulting heat that radiates from the planet's surface. Large amounts of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane have been released into the atmosphere through…

Evidence: 64 • authority: 72

Patterns of solar irradiance and solar variation have been a main driver of climate change over the millions to billions of years of the geologic time scale. Evidence that this is the case comes from analysis on many timescales and from many sources, including: direct observations; composites from baskets of different proxy observations; and numerical climate models. On millennial timescales, paleoclimate indicators have been compared to cosmogenic isotope abundances as the latter are a proxy for solar activity. These have also been used on century times scales but, in addition, instrumental data are increasingly available (mainly telescopic observations of sunspots and thermometer measurem…

Evidence: 59 • authority: 72

Present-day climate change includes both global warming—the ongoing increase in global average temperature—and its wider effects on Earth's climate system. In a broader sense, climate change also includes previous long-term changes to Earth's climate. The modern-day rise in global temperatures is driven by human activities, especially fossil fuel (coal, oil and natural gas) burning since the Industrial Revolution. Fossil fuel use, deforestation, and some agricultural and industrial practices release greenhouse gases. These gases absorb some of the heat that the Earth radiates after it warms from sunlight, warming the lower atmosphere. Earth's atmosphere now has roughly 50% more carbon dioxi…

Evidence: 54 • authority: 72

Climate variability includes all the variations in the climate that last longer than individual weather events, whereas the term climate change only refers to those variations that persist for a longer period of time, typically decades or more. Climate change may refer to any time in Earth's history, but the term is now commonly used to describe contemporary climate change, often popularly referred to as global warming. Since the Industrial Revolution, the climate has increasingly been affected by human activities. The climate system receives nearly all of its energy from the sun and radiates energy to outer space. The balance of incoming and outgoing energy and the passage of the energy th…

Evidence: 48 • authority: 72

There are numerous effects of climate change on agriculture, many of which are making it harder for agricultural activities to provide global food security. Recent research has found that climate change is likely to exacerbate the existing environmental impacts of agriculture by lowering crop productivity, reducing the effectiveness of agrochemicals, increasing soil erosion and pest pressures, and thereby driving greater use of land, water and inputs. Rising temperatures and changing weather patterns often result in lower crop yields due to water scarcity caused by drought, heat waves and flooding. These effects of climate change can also increase the risk of several regions suffering simul…

Evidence: 43 • authority: 92

Technoeconomic and Environmental Assessments of CO<sub>2</sub> Methanation and Liquefaction for Climate Mitigation.. Climate change driven by significant anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions necessitates accelerating the decarbonization of the energy system. The power-to-X strategy has emerged as a promising pathway to convert renewable electricity into carbon-neutral energy carriers. Synthetic natural gas is an attractive solution due to its compatibility with existing natural gas infrastructures and widespread end-use applications. In this work, a technoeconomic and environmental analysis of liquefied synthetic natural gas production via CO 2 methanation is conducted. The an…

Evidence: 43 • authority: 92

Vertical farming as a land sparing strategy: GHG implications for UK agricultural landscapes.. Growing pressure on UK land, driven by demands for food production, renewable energy, biodiversity recovery and climate mitigation, is intensifying competition for limited land. Vertical farming (VF) offers a land-sparing strategy: by relocating crop production indoors and achieving extremely high yields per unit area, VF can free agricultural land for other uses. However, VF has high greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions compared to traditional field farming due to intensive electricity demand, so its environmental value depends on whether land-sparing outcomes can offset production-stage impacts. This…

Evidence: 38 • authority: 72

This article documents notable events, research findings, scientific and technological advances, and human actions to measure, predict, mitigate, and adapt to the effects of global warming and climate change—during the year 2026.

Evidence: 38 • authority: 92

Identifying Mitigation Pathways for Low-Carbon Strawberry Production under Mediterranean Conditions: A Life Cycle Assessment.. Agricultural production is a significant contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions, highlighting the need for region-specific assessments of climate impacts across food systems. This study evaluates the carbon footprint of open-field strawberry production in the Silifke district (Mersin, Türkiye) using a process-based Life Cycle Assessment approach with a cradle-to-farm-gate system boundary and a functional unit of 1 kg of strawberries. Life cycle modeling was performed in SimaPro using background data from Ecoinvent 3.10, and impacts were quantified using the…

Evidence: 38 • authority: 92

The emergence of human influence on the ozone layer by the 1960s.. The Antarctic ozone hole was first reported in 1985, and small ozone losses at the global scale were also observed in the late 1980s. The combination of field and laboratory measurements, together with modeling, quickly established anthropogenic chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) as the cause of both the Antarctic and global ozone depletion. However, when, where, and why the earliest ozone depletion could have been detected has not been determined. Here, we conduct a thought experiment to investigate when human-induced ozone depletion could have first been detectable, assuming the availability of accurate stratospheric ozone observa…

Evidence: 33 • authority: 80

Anthropogenic alterations to the global carbon cycle and climate change