chemia: Introduction to quantum mechanics

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

Quantum mechanics (QM) is the study of matter and of matter's interactions with energy on the scale of atomic and subatomic particles. (By contrast, classical physics explains matter and energy only on a scale familiar to human experience, including the behavior of astronomical bodies such as the Moon.) Classical physics is still used in much of modern science and technology. However, towards the end of the 19th century, scientists discovered phenomena in both the large (macro) and the small (micro) worlds that classical physics could not explain. The desire to resolve inconsistencies between observed phenomena and classical theory led to a revolution in physics, a shift in that science's o…

Evidence: 62 • authority: 72

In physical science, matter is anything that has mass and occupies space by having volume. All everyday objects that can be touched are ultimately composed of atoms, which are made up of interacting subatomic particles. In everyday as well as scientific usage, matter generally includes atoms and anything made up of them, and any particles (or combination of particles) that act as if they have both rest mass and volume. However it does not include massless particles such as photons, or other energy phenomena or waves such as light or heat. Matter exists in various states (also known as phases). These include classical everyday phases such as solid, liquid, and gas – for example water exists…

Evidence: 43 • authority: 92

A philosophical treatise on information, consciousness, and the architecture of perceived reality.. This treatise presents a provisional interdisciplinary framework that synthesizes established findings from physics, neuroscience, and information theory to address questions that orthodox disciplines have addressed only in isolation. The argument unfolds in layers, each building on the last, and asks the reader to hold conclusions provisionally until the full architecture is visible. The central proposal is that what we experience as reality may be understood as a constructed model generated by a biological prediction engine operating on delayed information, and that the substrate of that in…

Evidence: 43 • authority: 72

Physics is a branch of science in which the primary objects of study are matter and energy. These topics were discussed across many cultures in ancient times by philosophers, but they had no means to distinguish causes of natural phenomena from superstitions. The Scientific Revolution of the 17th century, especially the discovery of the law of gravity, began a process of knowledge accumulation and specialization that gave rise to the field of physics. Mathematical advances of the 18th century gave rise to classical mechanics, and the increased use of the experimental method led to a new understanding of thermodynamics. In the 19th century, the basic laws of electromagnetism and statistical…

Evidence: 37 • authority: 80

The time scale of classical diffusion with arbitrary energy barriers

Evidence: 37 • authority: 80

Energy/Light and Space (Matter) Application in Condensed Matter Physics

Evidence: 37 • authority: 80

Dark matter and leptogenesis linked by classical scale invariance

Evidence: 37 • authority: 92

Conscious simultaneity with continuous motion: a measure-theoretic resolution of the hard problem.. This paper addresses the problem of integrating phenomenal consciousness with physical laws by seeking to identify and define its function. The central claim is that the hard problem is caused by the same epistemic paradox that makes quantum and classical physics mutually incompatible: the measure-theoretic limit . It is logically impossible to explain the mechanism by which state transitions occur within continuous time except by using approximations, because the mathematics requires point-equivalent instants of zero duration, which cannot exist ontologically when time is continuous. Classic…

Evidence: 37 • authority: 72

Thermodynamic temperature, also known as absolute temperature, is a physical quantity that measures temperature starting from absolute zero, the point at which particles have minimal thermal motion. Thermodynamic temperature is typically expressed using the Kelvin scale, on which the unit of measurement is the kelvin (unit symbol: K). This unit is the same interval as the degree Celsius, used on the Celsius scale but the scales are offset so that 0 K on the Kelvin scale corresponds to absolute zero. For comparison, a temperature of 295 K corresponds to 21.85 °C and 71.33 °F. Another absolute scale of temperature is the Rankine scale, which is based on the Fahrenheit degree interval. Histori…